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ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT

OF "THE

STATE ENTOMOLOGIST

MINNESOTA

TO THE GOVERNOR

BOR 1 Ee Ae ACR 16.6.

PLE ad ANNUAL REPORT OF FL WASHBURN:

AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
ST. ANTHONY PARK, MINN.
DECEMBER, 1906.

PE) LER-“ORe ERANSMIT EAE:
STATE EXPERIMENT STATION;
December 7, 1906.

His Excellency, John A. Johnson, St. Paul, Minn.

Dear Sir: I herewith present to you the eleventh annual
report of the State Entomologist of Minnesota, taking this
opportunity to thank all who have in any way aided the work
of the year, and to testify to my appreciation of your courtesies
and of help received trom you in various ways.

The principal work tor the year has been directed against
the Cabbage Maggot, tull details of which are printed in the
early part of the report. General insect conditions are found
on page 2% — The Soft Scale of the Plum, -p..57; the Cottony
Maple Scale, p54; the Army Worm, p. 59; the Stalk Borer,
p. 61; an Onion Maggot new to Minnesota, p. 19; have all
-been injurious this summer, and each has been given space
in the following pages.

The new Insectary, described and pictured on page 76
has been completed and bids fair to be as usetul an institution
here as it is at other experiment stations. In connection with
it the Board of Regents of the University and the Director
of the Experiment Station have granted the Entomologist
about a third of an acre of land for experimental purposes,
which is far superior to a strip previously given and used as
an experimental garden.

In view of possible invasions into Minnesota of insect pests
of forest trees, some of which are now costing the various
states affected hundreds of thousands of dollars, and in view
too, of the certain increase of fruit tree pests due to the rapid
erowth of orchard acreage in the state, it appears of prime
importance that our school children, and their teachers, and
young people generally, should become conversant with the
leading pests of forest, shade and fruit trees, and at the
Annual Meeting of the State Horticultural Society, just
adjourned, in conformance with this sentiment, a committee
of three, with the State Entomologist as chairman, was ap-
pointed to confer with the state school authorities as to the

1V

advisability of an appropriation being asked for from the ~

legislature to have charts prepared under the direction of
the entomologist and distributed to the schools. Between
the time of this action on the part of the Horticultural So-
ciety and date of writing there has been an opportunity only
for the briefest conference with school authorities, at which
a most favorable opinion was expressed.

The increased interest in spraying fruit trees has brought
with it a demand on the part of the horticulturists for better
Paris green. Difterent parties have complained to the ento-
mologist that they cannot obtain a good article. It is our
opinion that state laws should be enacted requiring all Paris
green sold in Minnesota to be of a recognized standard of
purity.

This is a good opportunity to suggest to Your Excellency
the advantage of the entomologist’s issuing a printed report
biennially instead of annually, as at present. It would mean
a saving of between $500 and $600 per annum, and in view
of the fact that almost every experiment in economic. ento-
mology requires at least two years, and frequently three and
four for best results, I believe such a plan would result in a
more profitable presentation than at present. In suggesting
this change, it may be said that necessary information re-
garding any pest or pests, which farmers and others might
need during the year, or in case of an emergency, could be
easily and quickly placed before them by means of Press
Bulletins, Circulars or brief Special Reports, at a compara-
tively small expense.

Respectfully,
FE. L. WASHBURN,
State Entomologist.

FINANCIAL STATEMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR, AUG. 1, 1905 TO
AUG. 1, 1906.

INICHENENS So ODEO OOO ORO OEIC aici Oyen CO ooo oso oie $2.20
IDbqoreimvoo (ss np Nk AE LH cOKVaL, oe Gutinicte CSc OG. pea ahoweD Droiea Gi ices cub oa crors 49.55
EXPRESS wa deh eel eM tapers cyaicun eevevsen tothe ereue elo & sacatis up erereana wets seahepens 50.97
LC] eNO TS Serarrcece tances esata ee et astrce Desc epee cual, nacous eters oie wits bute ave 12.62
HHT ENC GeWOE KOT: Stezctacsnaus toes hexeweneye eeor ovat cl os oliovel oust eee) sitet crear sierelcstens «vacchers ss)rs 57.50

Illustrations, drawings, plates, etc., for Annual Report and
OLMeE pPUbCcaAtionsron. Mn tomologye ma. ici ciels = es he soot 410.65
AMSEC UCI ES pletaeie cuenta ic sre. C ire ncsos sheustsita, eles savene canal intey stick Gl et oirscel ater (eilasterle ie 85.46
Ibi oer, TNE bIOH Nes osh oh bakes ey Sie aolin a. clo.d Omid pono a cop Close aro 438.43
OPPNCS BEX DEMISE ee ercrscc re sa tareke Nee evel siein cess Aoeeel sons, sete ee eM oma eNeile oilers ese Ss 114.87
PhHOLoOssSUppIESsslamternslides elias. sersc ceo us cosiselens Reneeche oocna ss 21.20
Postage for Annual Report, correspondence, circulars, etc...... 130.00
Printing and engraving Annual Report for 1905 (17,000 copies). 1200.96
Printinesemiscellaneous- xGimculansssCUGs ccpceiar-le eto ciel sel clenenens eke 120.07
Salary of Ass’t Entomologist.......... Giaterehs Ate) 9 Sysvniny ate chaserreneteree 1200.00
Special field assistant and expenses of field work.......... 105.73
SORA yaa ee laa CH AMET Vics araieuses cates a cues seta cos aes aclas oom ie ea ieee euea eeMnane osc Ps a letay5)
SUA OM eyed tetera ciatesvileretocac overs ete ra cree cahoie sia aiclare SalodeReear asta cerols 34.50
LEMOS Iai le tep ee rencee cece. cecisrep sensors <cchoisiencuth sis ovsyois: = celelememeemensasicveilags 681.85
SUDSUIGUEELStTENO oral lGIeics ccc ccs eucnete ouesess sree aie! ate segs siete jallelions tals 25.30
TIS FeaeP WO) AY REV CENA eee ella treet caetsaice Sue OL iS ca eet came acelicee fay onSac ier oe 10.50
Wee DHOOM ms SCT VA CG se rcee ate hoch rare see ht Rts oas (ahs ame Meee 33.60
Traveling and miscellaneous expenses of State Entomologist... 189.33
Traveling and misc. exp., of Assistant Entomologist.......... 33.98
IBIS eS Chal lO O boas sees sass cece ye pereenicts aon a ehisea eisap os, creas areeetanca ee Roget 69.00
$5129.82

Credit by cash received from nursery inspection season
OES TES UD etre he Ber Cle als Ret DEE CT ich Perri eee beere eee era np 150.41
IES UL NING C vaeneeewanee wr orsae aa ears ae Mee eR aI Roe eS Ss ee eae $4979.41

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

SOME RECENT OBSERVATIONS ON THE USE OF HY-
DROCYANIC ACIDCGAS 2.54 eee
SOME COMMON! HOUSEHOLD INSECTS.................
AN EXPERIMENT ‘WITH LANTERN TRAPS FOR
WHITE GRUBSAIN LAWN) cach ee ee -,
THE NEW. INGH@ TRY os aque) eee eee es

PUBLICATIONS OF ENTOMOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT
SIN CHS S06 5975 erm oe eee te en
IND Satie rn so te ee ee oe Ue UE enon

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=

OEL. ET PINX.

EDITH REED,

THE CABBAGE MAGGOT AND SOME OF ITS ENEMIES

EXPLANATION OF COLORED PLATE.

Fig. 1, Egg enlarged about 25 times. Fig. 2, Maggot, much
enlarged. Fig. 3, Puparium enlarged about 8 times. Fig. 4, Adult
Fly, three times enlarged. Fig. 5, Young cabbage plant, showing
maggots on stem below ground, two puparia in soil a short distance
from plant, two flies egg-laying, one placing its eggs between the
stem and the soil, the other in a crevice about an inch from plant;
a fly natural size on leaf, and one egg in the axil of one of the leaves.
Fig. 6, a Red Mite, Trombidium scabrum, Say, which feeds upon the
eggs. Fig. 7, Pseudeucoela gillettei, Ashm., much enlarged, a parasite
of the Cabbage Maggot. Fig. 8, Pterostichus leucoblandus, Say, natural
size. Fig. 9, Amara impuncticollis, Say, natural size. Fig. 10,
Agonoderus pallipes, Fab., natural size. Fig.11, Pterostichus coracinus,
Neum., natural size. These four beetles when brought in from the
field, immediately devoured cabbage maggots given them, and are
therefore placed by the writer among predaceous enemies of Phorbia.
Fig. 12, a parasite, Plectiscus, sp., about twice enlarged, reared from
puparium of Cabbage Maggot.

THE CABBAGE MAGGOT AND OTHER INJURIOUS
INSECTS OF 1906.

By F. L. WasHBurRN, STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

THE CABBAGE MAGGOT.

Fic. 1.—A cabbage plant ‘‘wilting down” as the result of the work of the maggot.
(Author’s illustration.)

The Cabbage Maggot, one of the most destructive pests
connected with the raising of cabbage, cauliflower, turnips
and radishes, has occupied much of our attention during the
season just past, and enough has been accomplished this year
to outline our experimental work for next season, narrowing
it down to a few processes to be used, some on a small scale,
others on a large acreage, which we are confident will give
good results. In the mean while we have made some obser-
vations, a few of them new to science possibly, which we
include below. Many of these have a more or less practical
bearing on remedial treatment.

The pest is so wide-spread and of such economic im-
portance that a colored plate precedes this article, illustrating
the appearance of the fly, its life history, showing the method
of egg-laying, and some of its enemies, for it must be known
it does not lead an existence entirely free from dangers of this
kind.

|

THE CABBAGE MAGGOT.

SUMMARY OF RESULTS OF SEASON'S WORK.

Fields exposed to breeze, and where all old stalks of
preceding year in the neighborhood were plowed under
last fall, have been much less affected than fields not
so located, and not so fortunate as regards clean culti-
vation. Plants in sandy soil appear to suffer more, other
things being equal, than those planted in heavy soil.

Measures tending to prevent the maggot attacking the
stem would appear more practical than a ‘‘cure’’ (carbolic
emulsion, etc.) after the pest is in or on the stem below
the surface of the ground.

We need another year’s experimentation, in order to use
on the early crop of cauliflower methods which this
year’s work leads us to believe will be efficacious.

Cultural methods may possibly prove our best means to
control the maggot.

Natural enemies help us in this fight. Several ground
beetles, p. 8, a red mite which sucks the eggs, p. 8 and
various parasitic insects, p. 8. See also colored plate.

Young maggots lived in the laboratory for two houzs
and twenty minutes immersed in carbolic emulsion (1
part to 30 of water), and adult maggots required three
hovrs and forty minutes of such immersion before dying,
p. 6. Some eggs hatched after thirty seconds’ treat-
ment ‘vith carbolic emulsion of the same strength.

Good results were obtained by immersing the roots at time
of setting with hellebore and water (p. 12), and also by
the use cf bran and glue and sawdust and glue (pp. 12
and 13).

Flies under observation laid fertilized eggs in captivity.
b. Length of iife of tys, 3 to 5 days (p. 5).
c. Length of life of maggot, about 21 days (p. 6).

d. Duration cf pupal stage, first brood, 13 to 15 days
(p. 7).

Fic. 2.—Female Fly, much enlarged. (After Slingerland.)

FE,

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A
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en
7
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Fic. 3.—Male Fly, much enlarged. (After Slingerland.)

4 THE CABBAGE MAGGOT.
OBSERVATIONS ON ITS LIFE HISTORY.

Notes on the Occurrence of the Fly. First observed as
carly as May 9th, more numerous May 11th, but no egg
observed on this date. Specimens emerged in breeding jars
in laboratory as late as September 26th.

The Egg and Egg Laying. Eggs were found abundantly
on May 16th, both on cabbage and cauliflower, 75 per cent
of the cabbage examined being infested, some cabbages having
as many as ten eggs to the plant. Of cauliflower plants
examined on this date, over 90 per cent were infested; the
largest number of eggs found on a single plant being twenty-
two. This indicates emphatically their preference for cauli-
flower.

The action of the fly in ovipositing was _ repeatedly
observed by members of this department, and the observa-
tions coincide so closely that I give here almost verbatim the
report of an assistant whom I had put to work on_ this
problem. Naturally every fly will not act in exactly the same
way, but his account will serve to show in general the actions
of the female at that time.

“When a fly lights on a plant in search of a place to deposit
her eggs she runs quickly down the stalk to the ground.
Here she searches alternately with her forward and rear end
or ovipositor for some crevice or crack through
which she can obtain access to the stalk of the
plant under ground. She acts rather nervous-
ly, occasionally running up on to the leaves.
The ovipositor is, when extended, nearly as
long as the abdomen, very flexible and pointed.
With this she tries every place offering any
chance of furnishing what she desires. When
she has finally found a crevice she forces the

ovipositor in to the limit and stands still for

Pee ane et “ap, several seconds, meanwhile usually polishing
muiel enlarged” (vu her head with her fore pair of legs. Then
withdraws her ovipositor,and after climbing on

to the plant again, flies with a slow flight near the ground to

a point of vantage or to another plant. I watched five flies

at work, and they all laid eggs while I was watching them.

THE CABBAGE MAGGOT. 5

Only one of them laid more than one egg in a place, and she
laid two. The eggs were carefully concealed, and were not
visible from the outside without disturbing the soil.”

In this connection it may be said that several eggs were
often found in the soil near a plant in one bunch, indicating
that sometimes a single fly may lay a number in one place.

The egg, see enlarged figure on colored plate; is white,
just visible to the naked eye; under the microscope showing
fine reticulations, and on one side an incomplete groove.

On May 18th in the same field above referred to there was
hardly a plant free from eggs, showing pronounced activity
on the part of the fly at this time. Between this date and the
23rd much rain fell, and many of the eggs previously observed
had been washed away. At this date too, many eggs were
found on young plants not yet taken from the hot beds.

Will Disturbing the Egg Prevent Hatching? Evidently
not, for two eggs laid Friday the 18th at 3 P. M., placed in

Fic. 4.—Larva emerging from egg. Observed under microscope. (Author’s
; illustration.)

a vial, and considerably shaken in transportation, hatched on
Wednesday the 23rd, five days later. Other eggs collected
in the field and shaken, also hatched.

Duration of Egg Stage. The two eggs above referred to
hatched in five days from time of laying. Of two eggs laid
on the 23rd, one hatched on the 26th, three days and about
five hours. It may be said then that the egg stage is from
three to five days’ duration.

On May 31st the first brood of flies appeared to be practi-
cally through with egg laying on cabbage and cauliflower,
for although they were observed in the field, a week’s exami-
nation failed to disclose any laying eggs. On June Ist eggs
were observed on young radishes, and market gardeners
began to report maggots in radishes.

Laboratory Observations on Egg. On July 2nd several
cabbage maggot flies which had been confined under a bell
jar with a potted cauliflower plant, /aid eggs on the ground
near the plant. In other words, the fltes bred in captivity.

6 THE CABBAGE MAGGOT.

We do not understand why other workers failed to obtain
this. The same observation was repeated with other speci-
mens, the flies laying within four hours of the time they
were confined, and placing their eggs in the axils of the
leaves. The egg under both of these jars hatched on July
6th, a few hours over three days.

The Hatchmg of the Egg. The hatching of one egg was
observed under the microscope. The active larva in this
instance tried unsuccessfully for several hours to free itself
of the empty shell, and finally died. The smooth surface of
the glass slide may have been and probably was the cause of
this failure. Later we figured one in the act of hatching,
and it would appear that the larva emerges from the egg
through the groove above referred to.

Laboratory Experiments with Eggs. May 27th 200 eggs
collected and divided into two equal parts, one part treated
with carbolic emulsion, 1 part to 30 parts water, for 3
seconds. Later three of the untreated eggs hatched, and five
of those immersed in the emulsion.

Observations on Maggot. May 31st a few maggots ob-
served. On June 5th many more were found, varying from
those just hatched to those nearly and quite full grown. On
June 12th many had changed to pupae. At this date too,
practically all cauliflower with many market gardeners, was
found to be ruined by the maggot. The very earliest set
cauliflower, of which there was not a large amount, made a
better showing than plants set out later. Many of the mag-
gots observed early in June (June 5 to 7) were full grown,
and by July 7th the majority of the maggots of first brood
appeared to have transformed to pupae.

We cannot speak definitely to a day as to the length of
life of the maggot. Some, which were believed to be but a
day old when found, required twenty days to reach maturity,
and transform to pupae, indicating that the larval life may
last three weeks.

Laboratory Experiments on Maggots. Young maggots
allowed to remain in carbolic emulsion (1 part emulsion and
30 of water) were killed in two hours and twenty minutes,
full grown specimens required three hours and forty minutes
before succumbing. Maggots immersed in lime water (2 lbs.
slaked in 1 gal, water) for twenty minutes were killed.

=

THE CABBAGE MAGGOT. (

Three out of four maggots were killed by immersion for one
hour in solution of hellebore (1 oz. in 1 gal. water).

Observations on Puparia. The puparia of the last brood,
brown cases containing the pupae, remain in the ground from
a half inch to two inches from old stalks, or in the old stalks
themselves, or in other debris left in the cabbage field over
winter, flies emerging in the spring.

On May 7th they were found inside the stalk, and among
decayed and dried leaves of last year’s crop. They were more
numerous, however, in the soil near the base of old plants.
Near one plant examined on May 11th fifteen puparia were
found. On June 17th a bunch of twenty puparia were taken
from the soil near one cabbage plant. Eight maggots under
observation transformed to pupae June 7th. Three of these
emerged as flies June 20th, three on June 21st, and two on
June 22nd, thirteen, fourteen and fifteen days respectively,
after pupation. Another lot of maggots which changed to
pupae June 6th, emerged as flies June 19th and 20th (13 and
14 days). It may be said then, with reservations, that ordi-
narily in Minnesota, the pupal stage of the first brood may be
from thirteen to fifteen days’ duration.,

Length of Life of Fly. Manifestly observations on this
point cannot be made under rational conditions. Flies jn
captivity have lived in our laboratory three days without

food.

CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT OF THE APPEARANCE OF THE
DIFFERENT STAGES OF THE CABBAGE MAGGOT FLY
IN MINNESOTA IN 1906.

May 9 Flies first observed.
16 Egg laying well started.
31 First Maggots observed.
June 5 Maggots abundant.

12 Puparia found in large numbers, and all the cauli-
flower of many market gardeners reported de-
stroyed.

July 7 Nearly all maggots transformed to pupae.
Sept. 26 Latest date at which flies emerged from puparia
in laboratory.

8 THE CABBAGE MAGGOT.

Naturally these dates will vary from year to year, de-
pending upon weather conditions.

Predaceous and Parasitic Enemies of the
Ce ~ Cabbage Maggot. Reference to the colored
a plate will demonstrate the fact that the life
of the cabbage maggot is beset with dangers
from this source. We know of at least one
Fic. 5.—A parasite of other Coleopterous enemy, a Staphylinid,
the cabbage maggot.
(Author's illustra’ not observed here, and hence not figured.
eres There are many other predaceous and para-
site forms preying upon this larva. The Cynipid para-
site, Pseudeucoela gillettei, Ashm., shown enlarged as Fig. 7,
col. plate, was collected in a maggot’s burrow. It has long
been known as a parasite of this species. Fig. 12 Plectiscus
sp., (identified by Dr. Skinner) also enlarged was bred from a
puparium of a cabbage maggot. The Carabid beetles, Pteros-
tichus coracinus, Neum., Fig. 12 col. plate; P. leucoblandus,
Say, Fig. 8, col. plate; Agomoderus pallipes, Fab., Fig. 10, col.
plate, as well as Amara impuncticollis, Say, Fig. 9, col. plate,
were continually observed in large numbers in all cabbage fields
where the fly occurred. These were collectd, brought into the
laboratory, and immediately fed with maggots. The fact
that they at once pounced upon and consumed the maggots
given them would seem to warrant us in placing them among
the enemies of the maggot, though not, as far as I am aware,
referred to as such in previous writings. The following
beetles were also observed in such numbers in cabbage fields
as to lead me to suppose that they may also prey upon the
cabbage maggot, though not observed to do so, Heterothops
fumigatus, Lec., Lathrobicem anal, Lec., belonging to the
Staphylinidae, and the Carabid, Bembidium 4-maculatis,
Linn.

Perhaps its most persistent predaceous enemy is the red
mite, Trombidium scabrum, Say, Fig. 6 col. plate, which we
have observed sucking incredible numbers of eggs of Phorbia.
On May 15th an assistant in the field reported this mite as
very active, averaging about two to a plant, and occasionally
four or five were observed about one plant. The activity of
this mite at this date was evidenced by the fact that a large
per cent of the eggs examined had been sucked. “Some times
there would not be a single good egg around a plant out of

THE CABBAGE MAGGOT. 9

a dozen or more that had originally been laid there.” ‘This
is most significant. This little agent calls for our respect in
this particular. ‘Through its agency evidently the cabbage
inaggot’s numbers are materially reduced. Unfortunately we
have not this season found it abundant in all localities where
cabbages and cauliflower are found.

A little rove beetle, Aleochara nitida, LeConte, is known
to devour large numbers of the maggot in various states and
in Canada, as well as occurring in Europe, but while it may
be present in Minnesota, we have not observed it. Another
Staphylinid larva, Maseochara valida is possibly predaceous
upon the cabbage maggot. It is probable that in our contest
against the cabbage maggot we are aided by many predaceous -
and parasitic forms not yet known to us.

FIELD EXPERIMENTS, 1906.

Fic. 6.—At work in a badly infested field.

A large amount of work was accomplished in the field
during the spring and summer. It is evident, however, that
all experimental work on the part of the Entomologist, and

10 THE CABBAGE MAGGOT.

all practical work on the part of the market gardeners is
most advantageously applied to the early crop of cauliflower
and cabbage, which suffers most from the attacks of the Fly.
This year almost all of the early crop of cauliflower in Minne-
sota was destroyed by this pest. A few fields within our
knowledge were spared, generally, be it said, where plants
were located in a field subject to some breeze, and where all
stalks of the preceding year’s crop had been destroyed by
plowing the previous fall.

The field work has been classified under two heads. Series
I representing work done between May 15th and June 7th,
that is, on the early crop; and Series II, the work on late
cauliflower, which, for the reasons given above, is not as
productive of results as work earlier in the season.

We have abandoned entirely any attempt to use the tarred
paper disk method for reasons given in the last Annual Report. -
We have also, in some instances, tried methods which have
been experimented with and reported upon in other places in
previous years, to note what results could be obtained here.
Other remedies or methods of prevention are original.

We briefly tabulate experiments and results under Series I.

Carbolic Emulsion: The stock solution is made by dis-
solving 1 lb. of hard soap in 1 gal. boiling water, adding 1
pint crude carbolic acid, and churning immediately with a
force pump or syringe until thoroughly emulsified.

On Radish: 1 part emulsion to 35 parts water applied on
radishes (sown May 14, up May 19) on May 22nd, and a
second application given May 28th. This crop was not
troubled by the maggot, both check rows and treated rows
making good showite:

On Cauliflower: a. Planted May 9th. Carbolic emulsion
I part, water 30 parts; applications May 23rd and May 28th.
On May 30th these were found infested with worms, and
carbolic emulsion double strength (I to 15) was applied,
this being repeated June 5th. These last applications saved
the plants. This double strength solution did not prove suc-
cessful in every case, as is shown later.

b. Six rows treated (1 to 30) May roth, second applica-
tion May 23rd and June 3rd. On July 6th no marked dif-

THE CABBAGE MAGGOT. ale |

ference could be noted between treated and check (untreated)
rows.

On Cabbage: a. Plants set May 6th. Applications (1 to
30) May 15th; second, May 1gth; third, May 26th; fourth,
June 4th. On July 7th the following results were noted;
Ist row 107 heads out of 150 plants treated; 2nd row 105
heads out of 150 plants treated; 3rd row 111 heads out of 150
plants treated. But in the check rows we observed the fol-
lowing: Ist row, 130 heads out of 150 plants; 2nd row,
117 heads out of 150 plants; 3rd row, 130 heads out of 150
plants. In other words the check rows made a better showing
than the treated plants. These observations were based
entirely upon the heading and is not to be regarded as a
good test, for the plants were located in a breezy field where
the maggots were not at all bad, and almost all the plants
made a favorable growth, but did not show up very well in
heads. The comparatively poor showing of the treated plants
may or may not have indicated that the solution used had an
unfavorable effect on the plants.

b. First application on plants set May 9, May 23rd;
second, May 28th; third, June 5th. Examined June 7th; 2
plants out of 11 wilting, Checks: 6 out of 23 wilting.

Carbolic Emulsion, double strength (1 part emulsion, 15
parts water).

On Caulifower: a. Earth hollowed (2 inches) about
base of plants to hold emulsion.

Plat No; 1.22 Applications May 30; June 15. - Poor re
sults.

Plat No. 2: Three applications; first May 19 and last
June 15. Results: A somewhat better showing for treated
plants. ©

b. Earth not hollowed:

Plat No. 1: Applications May 3rd and June 5th (but
hollows made around plants at second application because it
was found that maggots were present). Examined June 7.
No maggots. Evidently either driven away or killed by the
solution.

Plat No. 2: Three applications, the first May 19, third
June 15. On July 6th no appreciable difference between
treated and untreated plants.

Plat No. 3: Applications June 2nd and June 5th (earth
close to plant hollowed at time of second treatment). On

a THE CABBAGE MAGGOT.

July 6th treated and untreated plants made about the same
showing. The location was breezy, and where cultivation
the previous fall had destroyed the standing stalks of the
year before. The maggot was not bad here and hence there
was no chance for a comparison.

On Cabbage: a. Earth hollowed:

Plat No. 1: Applications May 30 and June 5. On June
7 examination of these plants disclosed the fact that although
all the maggots were not killed by this solution, the plants
were making a good showing.

b. Earth not hollowed.

Plat No. 1: First application May 30. Examination
June 2 showed presence of maggots, and earth was hollowed
and second application made. On June 22nd all these plants
had perished, killed by the maggot. It is very evident that
although this solution may kill or drive away the maggot,
it works an injury if applied to very young plants.

White Hellebore, Dry. Early Radish: Application May
22nd, May 28th and June 5th. On June 22nd these were
ready for market, and neither treated plants nor checks
showed evidence of work of maggot. That this was in part
due to location is indicated by the fact that radishes of the
same date about a quarter of a mile away, in private gardens,
were badly eaten.

Late Radishes: Dusted June 23rd. (Series II). July
16th we found no maggots either in the treated or untreated
plants.

White Hellebore and Water. (Series Il). Roots dipped
in same. The roots of 44 plants dipped June 23rd in a
mixture of hellebore 1 part and hot water 2 parts. This was
allowed to cool before plants were treated, and they were
immersed deep enough to also coat the lower part of the
stems. They were immediately planted and made an excel-
lent showing. On October Ist every plant was standing.
White hellebore costs about 15¢ at wholesale.

Sawdust and Glue. The literature upon this pest does
not indicate that this has been tried before, and it was sug-
gested to the writer from his conviction that we must look
to preventive measures for best results, rather than attempt
to destroy the maggots when in or close to the stalk. There
is no question but that carbolic emulsion at the proper strength,

. THE CABBAGE MAGGOT. 13

will kill the maggot, if the latter is in direct contact with it
for a long enough period, but that is where the difficutly
‘ies. When once within the stalk the pest probably is not
always reached by the liquid, and the hardening of the ground
about the plant causes much of the emulsion to flow away,
and distribute itself where it does but little if any good, unless
one goes to the expense of hollowing the earth about the
plant’s stem.

Fic. 7.—A cabbage plant with mixture of bran and glue about base. (Author’s
illustration. )

Sawdust was mixed with glue in the proportion of 14 Ib.
of the former in 1 quart of the latter. The glue was not at
all thick, but must represent at least 2 Ibs. of hard glue in I
gal. of water, and the mixture had about the consistency of
chicken feed, though rather more “sloppy.” It was applied
warm with the hands, about the base of the plant, put well
up on the stem, the diameter of the mass where it came in
contact with the ground being about four inches, one quart
was sufficient for fifteen plants. The stuff quickly hardened,
and tho it softened somewhat during summer rains, it did
not disintegrate after the rain. It was applied to twelve
plants on June 5th, and was still in good condition on June
22nd. The plants so treated made an excellent showing. A
man can treat six to eight plants per minute. This treat-
ment would be hardly practicable on large acreage.

14 THE CABBAGE MAGGOT.

Bran and Glue: Prepared as above, using bran in place
of sawdust. ‘his makes a closer pack about the plant, but
evidently does not go as far as the sawdust. I regard it as,
on many accounts, better than sawdust.

Bran, Glue and Paris Green: Five ounces of Paris green
were stirred into a peck of glue and bran. This is sufficient
for about 30 plants. ‘his was applied to 35 plants on June
23rd. It will be tried again next spring on the early crop
to note its effect upon cut worms in their relation to the young
plant. These late plants were free from maggot attack
(which was not bad on any of the late cabbage and cauli-
flower) and altho four out of the twenty-five plants showed
injury, possibly from the Paris green, the remainder made
a good showing and formed good heads.

Bran, Glue and Hellebore: Hellebore substituted for the
Paris green in the above, and five plants treated June 23rd
with good results.

Aer Slaked Lime: Radishes—Dry lime dusted on plants,
and on ground close to plants. Applications May 22nd, May
28th, June 5th. On June 22nd, when these were ready for
market, they were quite free from worms.

Milk of Lime: One half pound quick lime slaked in 1 gal.
water.

On Cauliflower: Applications about base of plant May
23rd, May 28th, June 5th. Plants killed by maggots.

On Cabbage: Same applications and same results as
above. Several killed by cut worms.

Dipping in Milk of Lime:. Dipped the roots of 30 cabbage
plants on May 18th before setting in solution 1 lb. lime to 1
gal. water, and planted. On the same date 30 plants were
dipped in half that strength. In both cases the plants were in-
jured. This injury was particularly noticeable when the solu-
tion was I lb. to 1 gal. About 60 per cent of these plants sur-
vived the treatment, and were not affected by the maggots.

Disturbing the Eggs by Stirring: On the supposition that
possibly disturbed eggs would not hatch, we had the soil close
to the stalks of 150 plants stirred with a pointed stick on May
15th, 17th, 23rd and June 4th. About five plants could be
treated ina minute. Like other experiments tried in this field,
where the fly was not abundant, there was no good oppor-
tunity to compare treated with untreated plants. References

THE CABBAGE MAGGOT. 15

lrave been made elsewhere to the fact that eggs which were
shaken in a vial subsequently hatched.

Scraping Eggs away from Plant: The tiny white eggs
just visible to the naked eye, are for the most part laid in the
soil close to the stalk. It therefore, would seem that if these
eggs could be scraped away from the plant six inches or more,
that many maggots would perish before they could reach the
stalk. Of course, every plant must be treated. Accordingly
we had 280 early cabbage plants “scraped” on May 15th,
again on May 23rd, again on May 28th, and for the last time
on June 4th. The earth each time was scraped away with a
putty knife to a depth of from 14 to % inch, about four plants
being treated per minute. On July 7th we found that 127
treated plants out of 150 had headed. ‘These plants were in
the field above referred to as fairly exempt from attack, and
no fair conclusions can be reached as to results. Some other
tool might be more advantageously used than a putty knife.
One would imagine that a sharp hoe in the hands of a careful
workman would be a more advantageous and more easily
handled instrument.

Fic. 8.—A rather crude apparatus for applying carbolic emulsion to cauliflower and
cabbage plants.

Sand and Kerosene: 1 pint of kerosene mixed with 2
gals. of sand and placed about base of cauliflower plants as a

16 THE CABBAGE MAGGOT.

repellant after setting. This treatment was fatal to the
plants. It also injured radishes, tho many survived and pro-
duced 70 per cent of marketable roots.

Acetate of Lead: 4 oz. in % pint of water, and plants
dipped. All killed by this treatment.

Napthaline (Moth Balls): Following a suggestion from
New York (not made by an entomologist), two moth balls
were planted close to each of several plants. The experiment
was not extended enough to warrant conclusions, beyond the
fact that such treatment does not appear practicable.

Field Experiments included under Series II began June
23rd, and the late set cauliflower plants, radishes and cabbages
were made use of. As intimated above, the maggots were
not bad late in the season and the cauliflower headed poorly;
hence results obtained were not conclusive, and need not be
reported here. A few of the later experiments have been
listed above.

In addition to the above, additional field trials were made as
follows: On May 28th sixteen cauliflower plants and sixteen
cabbage plants were treated with 1-30 carbolic emulsion, about
Y% coffee cup full being poured around each plant. The
ground was soaked about the base of each plant, and remained
wet with the solution for at least fifteen minutes. Check rows
were left for comparison. On June 5th the sixteen plants
treated on May 28th were examined; results, fifty-eight mag-
gots found in the plants, one plant containing thirteen. On
June 7th sixteen untreated or check cauliflower plants were
examined; results, eighty-two maggots, one plant having
thirty worms in or on its stem. This showing favors some-
what the use of carbolic emulsion, 75 per cent of the treated
plants being affected as against 88 per cent of the untreated.
A 1-20 solution of carbolic emulsion, or even a I-30 solution
appears to affect very young plants unfavorably, and should
be used with caution.

Effect of Location: On June 16th an assistant visited a
market garden where some of the cabbages, as well as turnips
and radishes had been planted in a sheltered position (near a
wood), and others where they got the breeze. He reported
as follows: “Conditions are such here as to show very plainly
the effect of planting in exposed places. Mr. B.’s turnips and
cabbages are pretty well protected from the south and west,
the turnips very much so. As we get away from the shelter-

ih

THE CABBAGE MAGGOT. 1

ing woods the affected plants are more and more scarce, till
just over his line in a patch of cauliflower, which 1s pretty well
upon the rise of ground, I was unable to find any sign of the
pest... * * * ‘There was not an egg, maggot or pupa to
be seen. ‘The number of maggots increased in direct propor-
tion as the protecting woods were approached. ‘The notice-
able fact about the positions of the patches is that the flies took
the cabbages which were the more sheltered in preference to
going farther into the wind and getting the cauliflower.”
Trap Crops: Mr. B. planted radishes and turnips amongst
his cabbage as trap crops. At the time of the above visit,
June 16th, the radishes (which were next the turnips) were
practically ruined, hardly a sound root remaining, and the tur-
nips nearly as bad, while the adjacent cabbages were fairly

free.
Feel R

: of Im f
wit’ times® | Bo GS
@? tel0 days. | 3 tos ff oN Ve
z sl Jays / z. <

=|
Leary Be

Fic. 9.—Diagram to illustrate the life cycle of the different broods of the cabbage
maggot in Minnesota. (Author’s illustration.)

18 CLUB ROOT OF CABBAGE.

CLUB ROOT.OF CABBAGE:

Many market gardeners confound the work of the maggot
with diseases which affect the root and have no connection
whatever with the maggot. ‘This is noticeably true of a form
of rot which sometimes affects the roots, caustig wilting and
death of plant. Club Root, also, which appears to be on the
increase here, has been erroneously supposed by some to be
connected with the work of the maggot. On June 23rd Club _
Root was found to be so bad on a certain field that the owner
expected to lose his entire crop of cabbages.. Over a large part
of his place the plants were wilting, yellowing and dying.
The first indication that he had, so he reported, of their being
affected, was their wilting during warm days, and not recover-
ing at night. He first observed this on his place four years
ago, but did not recognize it, and took no measures against

Fic. 10.—Club-root of cabbage. (Author's illustration.)

it. This disease of the cabbage, see photo, caused by a slime
mould, known as Plasmodrophora brassicae, Wor., has
nothing to do with insects whatever, and is becoming quite
common in Minnesota. It also attacks radishes, turnips (par-
ticularly rutabagas), shepherd’s purse, wild mustard, and
probably a number of cruciferous plants. The vitality of the
spores is such that manure from cows fed upon clubbed roots,

sf

TWO ONION MAGGOTS. 19

is said to affect crops grown on land where it is used. Such
spores, it is claimed, will live for two or three years in the
soil. Manure, then, is one of the means of infection. Soil,
it is claimed, transferred from one infected field to another,
will carry the spores, and thus infect the second field. Rota-
tion of cabbage crops with some other not of the same family,
care in choice of manure, the keeping down of all wild mus-
tard and other weeds of the same family, and avoiding the in-
fection of new fields by the transference of soil or refuse from
infested fields, are all suggested as preventive or remedial
measures. The broadcasting of air slaked lime, 75 bushels
to the acre, has given satisfaction.

Fic. 11.—Club-root on mustard. (Author’s illustration.)

TWO ONION MAGGOTS.

Previous to this year no maggots have been reported as in-
juring onions in Minnesota. We draw this conclusion from
a study of Dr. Lugger’s reports, wherein we find no mention
of them, and the present Entomologist previous to this season
has had no complaints regarding them, nor has he met them
in the field.

This summer, however, on August 6th infested onions were
received from Barnum, Carlton County, Minn., and on the

20 TWO ONION MAGGOTS.

11th other infested plants were obtained from a field near the
Experiment Station. These two sets were placed in the same

Fic. 12.—The common onion maggot. Phorbia ceparum.

breeding jar by an assistant, and in September two different
species of flies, both enemies of onions, issued from the pupa-
ria. One, the common Onion Maggot, Phorbia ceparum,
belonging to the family Anthomyidae, is shown in Fig. 12.
The other, an entirely different fly, Tritova flexa, belonging
to the Ortalidae, is shown in Fig. 13.

The common onion maggot fly lays its eggs early in the
spring on the stems or leaves of the onion, close to the ground.

Fic. 13.—Tritoxa flexa, found in onions this season, much enlarged. (Author’s
illustration.) °

The larvae hatching from the eggs work in the bulb, causing
the plant to wilt and die, the bulb decaying. Young plants

TWO ONION MAGGOTS. Dit

are the sufferers. The flies are said to winter for the most
part as pupae in the ground, tho some of the adults may hiber-
nate.

Probably the most practicable remedy at our disposal is to
pull up and destroy young plants as soon as the first appear-
ance of the wilting is observed. This checks the increase of
the maggot. Sand and kerosene (1 cupful of kerosene to I
pailful of dry sand) placed about the bases of the plants, is
said to be excellent where but a few plants are to be treated,
but manifestly impracticable on a large acreage. Such treat-
ment should be made early enough to prevent the egg laying
of the fly. In some soils broadcasting a mixture of 600 Ibs.
kainit and 200 lbs. nitrate of soda per acre, first partially
exposing a little of the root system with a hand plow, 1s suc-
cessfully practiced. Evidently no such radical treatment has
as yet been called for in Minnesota.

GENERAL INSECT CONDITIONS; IDENTIFICATION
Ob-INSE CTs; 2 TC

A number of the leading inquiries received thru the mail,
regarding injurious insects, are listed here. To the 1906 list
we have prefixed the inquiries of 1905 omitted from last year’s
report which was almost entirely taken up with an account of
the Diptera of this state. The list gives a good idea of what
are our leading pests (barring the Chinch Bug whose name
does not appear), and also shows that inquiries are received
from practically all of our agricultural counties, as well as
numerous others.

As evidenced by the species listed and by correspondence
with field workers, the Chinch Bug has not been injurious
during the last year, and the same may be said, with qualifi-
cation, however, of the Hessian Fly. While there have been
but very few complaints of this latter pest during the past two
years, it is evidently present in localities and on the increase.
A special field worker reported that on July 5th both larvae
and “flax seeds” were found fairly abundant in Olmstead
county. From “flax seeds’ taken at that time flies issued in
July. On July 12th he found this pest to be very abundant
in both wheat and barley in fields near Rochester. By care-
ful examination and subsequent figuring he estimated that in

22 . GENERAL INSECT CONDITIONS.

this particular field there were 200 flies in some stage to every
square yard. A week or so later stalks were falling down all
over the field as a result of the work of the fly.

“Bald Heads” in the wheat in large numbers at this date
indicated the work of a Joint Worm. This condition was
noted in a large number of fields visited. The pest was found
in barley and speltz as well as in wheat.

Meromyza americana: ‘The wheat-stem maggot has been
taken in quantities in wheat fields.

The Army Worm has been reported to the entomologist
as quite abundant in various localities, and the chances are
that it may be worse next year. Timothy was the crop most
affected. This pest is discussed elsewhere. The Cottony
Maple Scale, Pulvinaria innumerabilis, has been again abun-
dant and destructive, and has been given a chapter by itself.
in this report. Not only in Minnesota has it made its pres-
ence felt, but also to our certain knowledge, in Wisconsin and
Illinois, where many trees are claimed to have been killed by
its ravages. Red Clover has suffered from the attacks of
Bruchophagus funebris, large numbers, with their parasites,
having been reared from clover heads.

The Soft Scale of the plum, Eulecanium cerasifex, is
becoming alarmingly abundant in Minnesota. It will be
found illustrated and discussed on p. 57 of this report. In
July willows were infested by one of the “willow worms” or
“willow slugs,’ Nematus sp., black with yellow spots. It is
easily combated with arsenical sprays. One of the most, if
not the most annoying and destructive pests in the vegetable
and flower garden is the Stalk Borer. It deserves, and has
received in this report, a special discussion on p. 61.

The leaves of plum trees have, in localities, been destroyed
by the work of the Plum Leaf Gall Mite, Eriophyes padi.
Affected leaves appear like those shown in Fig. 14. The

Nore: The attention of the writer has been called to the fact that in his report
for 1905, at the beginning of the Letter of Transmittal he states that ‘‘The Hessian
Fly has been present on grains and grasses,’ etc. A search thru his 1905 notes
failed to disclose any authority for such a statement, and we are forced to the
conclusion that it was a bit of carelessness which was overlooked in proof-reading.
We have not found this pest breeding upon anything but wheat, rye, and barley,
nor, according to recent letters from workers who are making a detailed study
of this pest, has it as yet been reared from any but these last-named plants.

“S

IDENTIFICATION OF INSECTS. 23

striped cucumber beetle, wrongly called by many “‘squash
bug” has been, as usual, abundant and injurious.

Fic. 14.—Plum leaves affected by Plum Leaf Gall Mite. (Author's illustration.)

Up to May 30th of the present year injurious insects were
not unpleasantly numerous, the cold and rainy weather of that
month appearing to hold them in check. Cut worms, how-
ever, were fairly numerous during May, as were also wire
worms, and white grubs.

During the year, from November Ist, 1905, to November
22, 1906, the entomologist has written 1,739 letters, mostly
regarding injurious insects; has mailed 442 postals, and issued
2,008 circulars containing information regarding certain espe-
cially destructive insects.

|
DATE. | COUNTY: INSECTS IDENTIFIED. | HOST PLANTS, ETC.
1904. | |
Dec. 15|Boston, Mass...... Confused Flour Beetle, 771-
bolium confusum.........-. Paper sacks of flour.
Dec -15\iBecker “soa2... 20062 ECOMMIMNE A. Ha ceenneoe ees Oleander.
1905. |
ant 14| | Mielieode occeicccccee IERIE SGA SSeS BOCHOe TH bl | Uoe Tocca ete t ARB eaRE OR rOMnnner=
Heb: .20|Morrisonmecrmeeceere Ephestia kuehniella........... Flour moth in mill.
Maree 2:3|Ttascancen Ganesan saee Nematus ribesit.....0:-...2--- Currants and gooseberries.
Mar. 4/yYellow Medicine...|Eggs of plant lice............ | Nursery stock.
Mars ee uliandiyohiessessnssc Eggs of plantelicessses. once. itches ea cee SpE Meee oars
Mart. -9|iRamsey -. crecdecrs Eggs ofsikatydids saarjac cic SHEposed to be oyster shell
scale.
Micali gol SES RO Wl cjo;0:eisieielareisletste Striped Poplar Beetle, Af.
| SCPAPED vaaielosciers ic sisets|ctereaievcrsiere Norway poplar.
Mile 20 | Narinlias liar sicteystee Mytilaspis pomorum.......... Oyster shell Scale,

24. GEN
|
DATE. | COUNTY.
ee |
Mart = 128 |Rock= tcmeecs assis
Mar. 29|/Hennepin .......:..
Mareen 20IBristolsa SD ae
Mars. -.29|SPolkvitcn see cnet
Apr 4|leacequils Parlesewen.
Anyoem (Ol Stearnsiucccaeetens
Apres 18| Otter male. <ore
Apr.) 21||iennepin’=..\..-/- ne
AND Ish 2s |IROCKe ee niastsieaclelciols
Apr. 28|/Hennepin .........
LADY emer SO | Wanita ser tte ceais cre
END apse oO | SCOLt mci cieireeh lence:
Maye. 2A Clay sacesc ceria.
Maya 6) $RocCk sen ee teaser
Mayen 9| Nobles. sencecse sa.
May 10|Hennepin ..........
May, ~1l|aket-feiiecr since oan
Mayii29 iPoliuvaanscceermetias
Miayeao0 INionimian= sceeeee ae se.
Mays oO Normans cce scr oe.
|
lime aie! PRICE eiccioe cee
juney=2|Marshalliey.. 22 seer
Vine ww akotay-cccn ease
une" 7 Wakotalcteosce. cane
June 7|Freeborn ...........
June |
June 9|Hennepin ..........
umes 10|IRamsey jesse
June 13/Hennepin ..........
June: 14|Ramsey ......::.....
june 14 Bien Stoners scree.
June’ 14 Dodge’ i325. cn.
ane 1b Wright tendencies
une eee gies Depo canoe
Nunes 5|Stearnsi cece] eae
June Ae ee Raises yates
June 18|Hennepin ..........
Hitine sel ROCA aic.retty accra
une s I9lINoblesWse-mse-ce see
ues 19||Otter, Lailteee a:
June 19|Hennepin ..........
June -20|Big Stone... -.02..
anes) 2o|(Ramseysereecn wees
Janes 23|'Bristols SD seeece.
|
June 24|/Cottonwood .......
June 25|Crow Wing.........
June 25/|Crow Wing.........
June 25)Hennepin ......-...
fiuinenn Zt St: Wowlssen, cece
June 27|Hennepin ..........
June 27fiennepin ..es4-cee:
June>/27| Hennepin’ ...2-..6--)
panes 29) Carlton ase. eee
June cera | Raa wale
July Wabashalitiinsecnanse
July [Enllmoretiesseseerer er
Iuly;) 6ltennepiny= ness.
itlyeen Ol Wabashawer acrceetes

July

10|Olmstead

Constrachelus nenuphar
\Pulvinaria innumerabtlis

|Bruchus obtector
‘Hessian fly

ERAL INSECT CONDITIONS.
INSECTS IDENTIFIED. HOST WEANTS, EG.
Belostoma lGmericawars.i stra ae cece REE ERE
Cabbage maggot pupae....... Stumps of cabbages
BeescOn Heme wars... ttc ance ei ceca On eee
Carabid=beetles4maraiespaalidsseosonter on ee
Chionaspis SALUGUS seit on tas Scale on Russian popiar.
Cabbage MTAQS Oc rcierels rater shone Cabbage and Cauliflower.
Plant, licesieggsas--eeeeseeee Willow and cottonwood.
(C. furfurus eee ae eale eva slate Scale on elm.
Chionaspis furfurus.......... Scurfy scale on plum.
Currantaiborens-crcscec nee tela Currants. No specimen.
SQINIGECE CHO PUG nian re || Ce ea eee ce ae
Currantiaborernecneecerere ce No specimen.
Plant Tice ra eho ee eae Apples and currants.
JADHISY HOTS ris ysreier steve sole retet< lore Apple. :
Plantelicee caer cnet contre Minnesota crab. No speci-
men.
Cocoons, S. cecropias.-...--. Plum tree.
Orthopterous Py ona 5 496.06 Strawberry roots.
WairesawormSaceereiaeaec nena Wheat.
Cuteworms se aces tee eee Flax. No specimen.
| Cut WO TAs aloes esate roan aeetatekgeta ae Cabbage and tomato. No
specimen.
Cabbavesmaggota-eece re aecics Cabbage and cauliflower.
Briopiyess padtasi ter vee Making galls on plum leaves.
Ithycerus noveboracensis....|New York weevil injuring
apple.
Bastlarchva Grcuappuse nace Gas Or eee ee eee
Lehycerws anoveboracensisa-ea\piacccecreenle cee cee eee
Plusia (Autographa) brassi-|
(Ut RUMP OOR EC OTA CHOBOTOCH ERAS Lettuce.
NCNM AtwUs FACES eile ile easel Currants.
TE1C@ Seriatarcievolaiereiclerrereisiers error rateke Asters. No specimen.
TE ACHWOStETNAN SD ien tients cel oe ee LO eee
SCAN GO NOC Cade conr et: Saw fly on ash.
Sielandra "2 "bara as. ciate Saw fly on ash.
Diabrotica vittata.......2....- Cucumbers.
ETAOPUVES PaO? teriaceiees iit ee Plum leaf gall mite.
Nematus TIDES. «0-202... ls Currant worm.
Cabbagessmag got ceases seran | Soraninn Aaah ete eet ose Cree
Diabrotica vittata............. Striped cucumber beetle.
Diabrotica vittata............- Striped cucumber beetle.
Nematus ribest........<..-++ Currant worm on currant.
Pulvinaria innumerabilis..... Cottony Maple Scale.
Pulvinaria innumerabilis..... Maple.
P. innumerabtlis.....:...-...+ Box elder and soft maple.
Eriophyes padi................|Plum leaf gall mite.
INE ean aseacsc voroodpaene aplanc | Seaafeissavarorcrecelel oleksistele lero ete cele (eleletatete
Podosesia syringae............ |Ash (boring in ash and | caus.
ing it to fall).
Raynchites PtColor... tcc te tei st ‘Rosa rugosa.
|Scaraberdiseaeesnoues Seca ric Supposed to be killing ever-
| greens (too injured to ad-
mit of identification.)
Cutowormssag- nebkneeeeee ee No specimens.
Cercopidsses. cc teoce eco Jack pine.
IReAta PA COMSEOCRAAMG Wconine | uiia ace M heidi cereale
Papaipema nitella............ - Stalk borer in peonies.
Gat aworms:eecosccsctecenies No specimens.
Eriophyes padt.........:.-.... |Plum leaves.
Diabrotica vittata.............| Cucumbers.
DAGbDrOUCasUstlata move.c iol eeeist ee eee ina ee ee ie
GabbageSmagroty. ose. chants ol Base en ORE ae a OE ee
Roselslug en iinccadeseckimelene No specimen.
BruUchwts TODtECEOT waciereict oleate Beans.

Plum Curculio.
Maple scale.
Bean weevil.

IDENTIFICATION OF INSECTS.

We)
oO

|
DATE. | COUNTY. INSECTS IDENTIFIED.
| = ae A
lye a2 |reeborny seer... acres ADS adauneobusonepos nae coueoS
July. 12|)Freeborn .......... Papaipema nitella............
July 12)/Hennepin .......... Papaipema nitella............
July 12|Blue Earth.......... Papatpema nitella............
July 18|Traverse <...-..-..- Papatpema nitella............
July 19|Hennepin .......... Lachnosterna (?) sp......... |
July 2|Hennepin .......... Ibe <Genpacdadadbectdanasuoeaae
July 26)Dakota ...........-. Flea smrnen: nase seein aces ee ee
July, 26/Lyon’.............5. Papatpema nitella............
July 26|Freeborn ........... Coelodasys unicornts.........
July Plusia (Autographa) brasst-
COE ace Sa eRe ee ae
Mnily)) (27|Ramsey. -. ein.) -.1- Cabbage worm cabbage)
Plusig =a nccises sees.
July 27|Hennepin ©..-.~... GiCE Mee eee ces
RIE? DENS eye Beeecoodndonos (CGarrante boven ese a
Aug. WIC saa cisnaoeeoon GUAMSOM CLASP erst) oes
Aug. 4|Stearns ............. D\Vanessamcandutsmatetsaen secre
Aug. 4|Kandiyohi .......... PAPAS HAN Ol tame Nacisisteer ee eisisls
Aug. 4|Kandiyohi ......... Gecropia larvandie.co 2 ants
Aug. oe pocwccecceeclIJIQCresia Uirgintca....-.- ib
Aug. 5|Wabasha -.......... Bruchus obtector ...::.-....>
ag 29 | Mod de cee cere c ecclesia Plant? lice scactn spewed acre aoste
Aug. 9|Hennepin .......... DDiGSPiS) TO SGC siete cial) nore ase)
Aug. .9|Hennepin .......... Beas rien wccincn ee tessere iy sie cesses
AA epeel al SATUEL foe in clare ers erie ere Colopha ulmicola.............
Aug. 19|Norman ............ J is iG OSen Oa Sag ap OO CEE On Ton
Aug. -24|Wright: .....0.-.c0.- Hemerocampa leucostigma...
Sept. |Hennepin .......... Bookslicess in ce ois eenek
Sept. IRamSeyareiacminc rec Roolwlicesascccmecten ease
Sept bi Wii ghts wiertactnacisiie. Plant alice sistas ae cists eases
Sept. 6|West Superior Wis.|Ptinus fur...........--.-+-0-+
Sept. 23|Ramsey ............ Cabbage maggots. <n. eee
Sept. 922 Big Stones jccciecelets EVES OF MU erawuleae cls osyeieicrs/siciewele
Sept. 27|Grand Forks, N. D. Oestrie larva iGastropinius
Sept. one ailment ms Heeeas fly (Aeschna)......
Oct. Wisconsin Sp ABOTOR Tribolium confusum..........
Oct. [IRICC WS hice -i-ieioivis seine Necrophorus tomentosus.....
Oct: — 9|\Nobles: 72... ....0. IRN OSINVZ ET a raistate near
Oct. 21|Watonwan ......... Tenebrotdes mauritanicus....
Oct 28 | Cassiaacmes asics Celerio lineata, Fab..........
Oct. Wabasha ........... Heliothis armiger...........-.
Novae 4 Nicollet... 2c. Heliothis armiger...........+-
Nove 15|/Ramsey 3... -.<..-.- IEG Ch Gl pspandoosennqaGe so0
- 1906 |
Apr 9 28|ROliee rr. « 1nice'steiere'e ce == Red ants castes cos. cteisrisecis sos
Apr. Rey gescncanscds Cut worms, Peridromia
QUAGIO” sac sooae Isnddasoeone 20
May Hennepin .......... Coccus pinicorticis, Fitch....
Maylene? (Chippewa. ciislsicmcl-/- MreevnOoppererr ects eisie ss eicl= ele
Mayans Pines... sc. meric WO0d Sticke: saris cx sonlemeretener.
May 12|Redwood .......... Cutewormssccseeciecschacci. ©
May: = 4 Roperiti sciences rerio) (CUE WOLINS sc oye clein sie cietoisisises slere
May 16|/Hennepin .......... Monomorium pharaonis......
May 16|Hennepin .......... Toi Ce ert nrlsteleia sierie latino eeislorets
May 16|/Ramsey ............ DRS ba Gadoin SORES ADS Seca
Maya. 22|'Martiniecccistcclosbialec Nematus ribesit.........-. 00
May 22/Yellow Medicine...| Buffalo tree hopper..........
May 28|Roseau ............. liG@utawormseereeeteeaceeen ae
Maya 29| Cass) ecmaacciiec so CUES WOFMS see vnsereiease okie
May. 29 (Ramsey) c.-.l sielciele Eulecanium cerasifex.........
May 31|/Hennepin Eulecanium cerasifex.........
May 31|Hennepin Trombidium scabrum, Say...

HOST PLANTS, ETC.

Plum. No _ specimen.
Young corn.

| Grain.

| Young corn.

|Golden Glow.

Peas. No specimens.
In cellar.

| Young corn.

| Unicorn Prominent.

., Sweet peas. No specimen.
|No specimen.
| Wheat.

|Supposed by correspondence
to be Flour Moth.

B an weevil.

Turnips. No specimens.

Rose.

Cockscomb gall on elm.

Galls on plum leaves.

Corn.
Thigh of man.

.|Dead when received.

Supposed to be killing hens
which fed upon them,

Flour in sacks.

No specimen.

~arva in flour.

‘Hawk Moth.”

Corn worm.

|Corn worm.

“Fish Moth,” silk lining in

dresses. No specimen.
Lawn.

Smilax, cannas, etc., in
greenhouse.

Pine.

No specimens.

Corn. No specimens.

No specimens.

Ants in house.

Snowball. No specimens.
Lawn. No specimens.
Currants and gooseberries.
Apple trees. No specimen.
No specimens.

No specimens.

| Plum.

Elm.

| Feeding on cabbage maggot
eggs.

26 NURSERY INSPECTION.

Le | COUNTY. INSECTS IDENTIFIED. | HOST PLANTS, ETC.

ba]
|

June Hennepin ..........- Trapezonotus nebulosus...... Timothy.

June — b|Ramsey, sos ccitossisct Ni eMatwSatADE S18 ceiclcctais ccisinieicel| iste etarinteee Anon condo accsndee bo

Une w wd Douglass mace S\GMiG? CECTOPIG; / PUPA ca sc.os,« | eSede ace oh Cee EEO oe

June, 7|'Ramsey. cei. eee aSilver fish sacio- sen cncicaans seer No specimens.

Jane! S11 Rertileye tar. series Ithycerus noveboracensis....| Apple.

Jtintess3|Ramseyie-res-e sees. Currantiwornmss3--eeeeencaie No specimens.

June 14|/Sioux City, Ia...... [MAES Sagkocopor oma socdeaue eds Cherry. No specimens.

June 14 MiP ie Meyer coop onoosscanands Barley. No specimen.

iea| 1G | MO Mires cceiareiaisivia sieve TCO Seevorerciaare ic, sicbsrsterata ele etsiarerinince Box elder. No specimen.

ines 16|Ramsey~ Gescaccccats AMES Eisai tueceitect totttoeenere Lawn. No specimens.

Jane: =) 16| Rices oc 255 «ose cre cierere Papaipema nitella............ Plum.

June 19|Renville ............ \Gecropia emothaes see eee ele Re ere ee aE Ee 5 ie oi Pas

Nitin e520 | Wiright eyes) rteiseie Gecropia “mothis si ja-cietcsernsnn |b eeectern sa ece eee

june 2)|Stearnsiursercciacs cere |Currant worms. s:|| aiyaGlou eee. eGape ae ee ee EEE

June .24)Redwood ........... Beeonitellaswenucmaaosce eae Currants and corn.

June 28|Kandiyohi ......... Pulvinaria tnnumerabilis..... Box elder.

julyiers|Dodgseq a aaeeeenee |Colopha ulmicola............. Elm.

lve 2 |(Douglagie.ce4.cccs. | Cottony Maple) scale... <=... .... Basswood and other forest

| trees.

qulys" 22 Ramsey. ic... te eseen Papaipema nitella............ Hollyhocks, rose, canna,

: peony, corn, dahlia, wheat.

Jtilye, 12 Ramsey. ishe.cecee cae |Mamestra picta............... Hollyhocks.

July SiDouglas seseeccese 'Cottony Maple scale.......... Basswood and elms. (Some

trees will die.)

uly >20|(Douglass......\-).-/--- ‘Cut W.OTIMNSs siare sires ese create In gardens. No specimens.

lye 20 | Mouglas yescrcee cee Rotato beetles: screictesigaancnridel| ptcaclo oe eee ea Cone eer

ilyees20 Douglas tac. sceicee fessian:fysi eicla csi cmercerae On rye.

‘uly, — 28|)Kandiyohi <5....202 Plant license. cisco = nereieejyeieis Wheat. No specimens.

itlyae2s|(Bhielearthr rn. Aphis CUCWUMETIS. ..00-. 220200 Melons.

Naly = 25| Becker ci a. cese eae Grain plant lice No specimens.

[REMEY PEW eS aScoucasénn0ne Grain plant lice ...| No specimens.

tly 29|Steamnsivacesesie siete Whiteserulbcecinasleciiesounr Grass land.

Mil yee LO Mod dies ecncen rer cecae |Hemerocampa leucostigma...| ....csccecceccececcecccscecsunes

July 29/Denver, Col........ Locusts borer acvorcmocecee chor No specimens.

Sept: (6|Douglasi..- 0s. es. Pbinws fur’ cocaine kn acetic: Cereal food.

Sept. |Hicks Wharf, Va..|Conocephalus robustus....... Supposed by correspondence
| ‘ to girdle pecan and persim-
| | mon trees.

Sept. 19|Wabasha ........... Plodia interpunctella......... | Seed corn. 5]

Sept 22s Dakotaw ya csee cine Silver fish, Lepisma saccha-|

FAN Ga Koray sierstela cela stereos | Silk dresses and _ books.

Oct. 2Blue ‘Barth. cs Tenebroides mauritanicus....| Mill products.

Oct. 17|/Lawrenceburg, Ind.|C. oryza, Tribolium con-

fusum, Silvanus surinam-
| ensis, C. granaria.........- Wheat in elevator.

Oct: = 23|/Milwaukee;. Wis:...||Cottony--MaplesGalestct tinsel | ele oe selecins cielo ieisleieierereisitre eieisictcre

Oct. — 30) Hennepin: a .-c.ccieel || Clothesm*mothinen. clssmricicie Furs. No specimens.

Nov. 2|{Lac qui Parle...... Samia cecropia, cocoons..... Very abundant.

Nov. 23/New York State...) Tenebroides mauritanicus....| Wheat in storage.

INov. — 26|Wabashai-. 0. cna. Diestrammena: Marmi1r ata. xoo)|\cs vec adel se euie view iaeis eels eae

Nov. 30|Hennepin .......... Cigarette beetle, Lasioderma | :

| “"serricarne)nicsen on oan In “Lucky Strike smoking
| Popa: from Richmond,
| a

NURSERY INSPECTION.

The Minnesota nurseries which ship out of the state, and
others desiring it have been inspected according to law. The
names of these nurseries, with the number of the certificate of
each, and the expenses of inspection are here given;

NURSERY INSPECTION.

No. of
Name and Town. Cert.
Twins Ciltyas Nise ryan El OWLS ia en cteas toon snekeile a:
Clinton Falls Nursery, Owatonna........ 112
Mitchell Nursery, Owatonna.............. 113
Wedge Nursery, Albert Lea.............. 114
Albert Lea Nursery Co., Albert Lea...... 115
Minnesota State Nursery, Albert Lea..... 116
Gopher State Nursery, Albert Lea........ ial
Winnebago Nursery Co., Winnebago City.. 118
St. John Nursery Co:. -Mairmonts>. 2.2... - 119
Amber Lake Nursery, Fairmont.......... 120
McKisson’s Fairmont Nursery, Fairmont... 121
Kanaranzi Nursery. Adrian... 6... 122
Luverne Nursery, Luverne... .-.2....-... 123
Hutchinson Nursery, Hutchinson......... 124
Deephaven Nursery, Excelsior............ 125
Chas. Hawkinson Nursery, Excelsior...... 126
Jewell_-Nursery, Lake City..............: 127
County Line Fruit Farm, Lake City...... 128
Pleasant Valley Nursery, Winona........ 129
Vinegar Hill Nursery, R. No. 4 Rushford.. 130
Preston = Nursery: EreStOMs sen sec) cieieb orale tne 131
Spring Valley Nursery, Spring Valley.... 1382
TurtlesCreek) Nurseny, AUStils. co. oes. 133
Hoyt Plant & Seed Co., St. Paul........ Eee
Rose Hill Nursery, Minneapolis.......... 135
Vine Grove Nursery, Minneapolis......... 136
egleMayeciCon eS eal aciotseerarcesrn sis ere Ieiff
Mayfield Nursery, St. Paul............... 138
Old Fashioned Flower Garden, Excelsior... 13
Excelsior Nursery, Excelsior............. 140
Wright County Nursery, Cokato.......... 141
Howard Lake & Victor Nurseries, H. Lake. 142
North Star Fruit Farms, Cokato.......... 143
Lyon County Evergreen Nursery, Cotton-
WOO Gels Biter. koro Seine Siena es aaah Bea 144
West Concord Nursery, West Concord.... 145
Byron: NULserysa Ss VGOMG seams beciiatec cae 146
Dodge County Nursery, Mantorville...... 147
Hennepin Co. Nursery, Eden Prairie...... 148
Andrews Nursery, Faribault.............. 149
Campion Nursery Co., Faribault.......... 150
Farmers’ Seed Co., Faribault............ 151
BrandsNunserywharibawlt= sss = ha cnscs 152
Cannon Falls Nursery, Cannon Falls..... 153
Strand Nursery, Taylors Falls........... 154
HA oWandssPipestOneGmars cin. cic aeee on 155
Jackson Nursery & Fruit Farm, Jackson.. 156
Sherburne Nursery, Sherburne........... 157

ho
~)

Cash.
$2.60

43.31

6.00
1.50
1.50
5.48
5.48
5.48
5.48
5.48
5.48
6.00
1.25
1.25
2.60

5.70
1.50
1.50
3.00
3.00
3.00

6.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
3.00
2.50
2.50
2.50
2.50
6.17
5.00
7.00
9.00
8.00

$176.75

t ~
lo)

NURSERY INSPECTION.

We also add a brief synopsis of the latest inspection laws
of the various states, there having been some changes since we
last published them. The attention of our nurserymen is
called to the fact that any shipment of nursery stock into
South Dakota now requires a certificate. This synopsis is
compiled largely from the latest circular on the subject.

ALABAMA: Persons outside the state wishing to do busi-
ness in Alabama must file a signed copy of their inspection cer-
tificate with the Secretary of the Board. Accompanying the
certificate must be sufficient money to pay for the necessary
Alabama tags. A tag must be attached to every package
delivered in the state. Tags are furnished at cost as follows:
First one hundred, 65c; 200, $1.00; 500, $1.60; in lots of
1000, $2.20, sent by express collect. (Acts of 1903.) R. S.
Mackintosh, Secretary and State Horticulturist, Auburn, Ala.

ARIzona: No law.

ARKANSAS: Shipments of nursery stock into the state
must be accompanied by a certificate of inspection and bear the
name and address of consignee and consignor, otherwise the
transportation company must notify the consignor and not
deliver the shipments until a certificate is furnished. (Laws
of 1903.) Mr. C. F. Adams, Entomologist and State Inspec-
tor, Fayetteville, Ark.

CALIFORNIA: Shipments into the state are subject to
inspection on arrival and must be marked with the name and
address of the shipper, name of consignee and name of place
where grown. All nursery stock infested with pests not exist-
ing in the orchards, vineyards and farms of California will be
immediately sent out of the state or destroyed, at the option of
the owner or agent at his expense. All nursery stock coming
from districts where the disease known as Peach Yellows and
Rosette are known to exist shall be refused entry and shall be
destroyed or returned at the option of the owner. Notice of
shipment should be given to Mr. Edw. M. Ehrhorn, Ferry
Bldg., San Francisco, Cal.

CoLtorapo: Shipments into any county of the state hay-
ing a horticultural inspector shall have attached to each box,
package or parcel a label, showing the name of the owner,
agent and shipper, the name of the grower, and any further
evidence necessary to determine the locality where grown.
Nursery stock arriving in the state is subject to inspection

NURSERY INSPECTION. 29

under the direction of the State Board of Horticulture. (Laws
1899.) Martha A. Shute, Secretary, Denver, Colo.

ConNEcTiIcuT: Certification and treatment of nursery
stock is discretionary with the State [ntomologist. Ship-
ments of nursery stock into the state shall bear a statement
that it has been thoroughly fumigated in addition to the cer-
tificate of inspection issued by a State or Government officer.
(lgaws ot 1903.) Dr.-W. E. Britton; State Entomologist,
New Haven, Conn.

DELAWARE: Shipments into the state must bear a certifi-
cate of inspection from a duly qualified state officer of the state
in which the shipment originated, given not earlier than Sep-
tember Ist. Humigation may be required by State Board ot
Agriculture. Prof. Wesley Webb, Inspector, Dover, Del.

FroripaA: No law. Certificates to nurserymen are issued
by Dr. E. H. Sollards, Entomologist, Agricultural Experi-
ment Station, Lake City, Fla.

GeorGciA: Nurseries are inspected annually. A _ signed
duplicate of inspection certificate, together with a signed state-
ment by the nurserymen that all stock intended for Georgia
will be fumigated in accordance with directions furnished
them, must be filed in the office of the State [ntomologist.
Official tags of the Georgia State Board of Entomology will
be furnished by the State Entomologist at the following price:
One hundred tags, 60c postpaid; 200 tags, 85c¢ postpaid; 300
tags, $1.10 postpaid; 500 tags, $1.35, sent by express collect:
1,000 tags, $2.00, sent by express collect. Each shipment of
nursery stock into the state of Georgia must bear the official
tag of the Georgia State Board of Entomology, and also a
duplicate certificate of inspection of the state from which the
shipment is made. (Regulations adopted January 26, 1906. )
Mr. R. I. Smith, State Entomologist, Atlanta, Ga.

IpaHo: No person can engage in the business of selling
or importing nursery stock without filing a bond and acquiring
authority from the State Board of Horticulture. Shipments
into the state must bear an authorized certificate of fumiga-
tion, together with labels on each package showing names of
consignee, consignor and name of place where stock was
grown. (Horticultural Law, Seventh Session.) Mr. A. F.
Hitt, State Horticultural Inspector, Boise, Idaho.

ILtttNots: Nurseries are subject to inspection by the State

30 NURSERY INSPECTION.

Entomologist. Shipments into the state must be accompanied
by certificates of inspection, the original of which was signed
by a state or government inspector. Prof. S. A. Forbes, State
Entomologist, Urbana, IIl.

INDIANA: State nurseries shall be inspected at least once
each year. [Every package shipped into the state must be
labeled with the name of consignor and consignee, and a cer-
tificate of a State or Government inspector of current year’s
date! =( Chapter 138, Laws ot1899.) Prot. i: ieee, State
Entomologist, Lafayette, Ind.

Towa: State nurseries are inspected as owners request,
or if supposed to be infested with dangerous injurious insects
or plant disease, and nurserymen are promibited from selling
or shipping without the inspection. Shipments into the state
must be accompanied by a certificate of apparent freedom from
dangerous injurious insects or plant diseases, signed by an
inspector duly approved by the State Entomologist of Lowa.
H. E. Summers, State Entomologist, Ames, Iowa.

Ikansas: No law.

Kentucky: Nurseries are inspected annually. Every

package of nursery stock shipped into the state must have a
copy of a certificate of inspection attached and bear on the
label a list of the contents. Duplicate certificates of inspection
may be filed with the State Entomologist. Prof. H. Garman,
State Entomologist, Lexington, Ky.
-'Lousrana: Nursery stock delivered within the state must
be labeled with an official certificate of inspection. Shipments
not so labeled shall be liable to confiscation. The entomolo-
gist has power to require any one in the state to fumigate trees
and plants if deemed necessary. (Laws of 1904 ane Cire:
No. 1.) Mr. Wilmon Newell, Entomologist of the Crop Pest
Commission, Baton Rouge, La.

Maine: Nurseries are inspected at least once a year by
an entomologist employed by the Commissioner of Agricul-
‘ture. All nursery stock shipped into the state shall bear on
each box or package a certificate of inspection, otherwise stock
will be returned at the expense of the consignor; provided,
however, that any shipment bearing a certificate of fumiga-
tion in the form of an affidavit made before a Justice of the
Peace that all stock sold by the consignor has been fumigated
in a manner approved by the inspector of the state from which

NURSERY INSPECTION. Sul

said stock is shipped, may be accepted as. those bearing the
proper certificate of inspection. (Laws 1905.) Hon. A. W.
Gillman, Commissioner of Agriculture, Augusta, Maine.

MaryLANnb: Nurseries inspected at least once in six
months. All nursery stock subject to attack of insect pests
must be fumigated under the direction of state officials. Ship-
ments into the state must be labeled with the name of con-
signor and consignee and each package bear a certificate of
inspection. Duplicate certificates should be filed with the
State Entomologist. (Chap. 289, Laws of 1898.) Prof. T.
B. Symons, State Entomologist; Prof. J. B. S. Norton, State
Pathologist, College Park, Md.

MassACHUSETTS: Nurseries are inspected at least once
each year, and if clean, receive a certificate; instead thereof, a
nurseryman may fumigate his stock under the direction of the
State Inspector, using 2-10 of a gram of potassium cyanide to
each cubic foot of space, under forty minutes exposure, and
attach an affidavit of such fumigation to each package shipped.
Certificates do not cover the Brown-tail Moth, tho all reason-
able care is used to have stock free from it. - Shipments into
the state must bear on each package a certificate of inspection
by an authorized officer or an affidavit relative to fumigation
as above required. (Chap. 495, Laws of 1902.) Dr. H. T.
Fernald, State Nursery Inspector, Amherst, Mass.

MrcuicAn: Nurseries are subject to inspection; infested
trees must be destroyed, and the remainder of the stock within
a half mile must be fumigated. Shipments into the state must
bear on every package, plainly labeled, the name of consignor
and consignee, statement of contents, and a certificate showing
that the contents have been inspected by a Government or State
officer, and that the stock has been properly fumigated. All
nurserymen, whether residents of Michigan or other states,
who wish to grow or sell stock within the state must apply to
the State Inspector of Nurseries on or before August Ist of
each year for a license, for which the fee is $5, and a bond for
$1,000 must be filed. A license will not be granted until a
State or Government inspection certificate has been filed.
(Laws of 1903.) Prof. L. R. Tait, State Inspector of-Nur-
series and Orchards, Agricultural College, Mich.

MINNESOTA: ‘There is an annual inspection of all nur-
series from which stock is shipped out of the state. Ship-

oe NURSERY INSPECTION.

ments into the state must be accompanied by a certificate of
inspection. Carrying companies accepting packages of nur-
sery stock without a certificate of inspection are liable. (Laws
1903.) Prof. F. L. Washburn, State Entomologist, St. An-
thony Park, Minn.

MisstsstpP1: No law. Nursery stock for export is
inspected by Prof. Glenn W. Herrick, Agricultural College,
Miss.

Mtssourt: Shipemnts into the state must be accompanied
by certificate of inspection. (Laws of 1gor.) Prof. J. M.
Stedman, Entomologist, Agricultural Experintent Station,
Columbia, Mo.

Montana: All stock brought into the state must be un-
packed, inspected and fumigated at one of the designated quar-
antine stations, viz. : Miles City, Billings, Missoula, IKalis-
pell, Great Falls, or Glasgow. Nursery stock may be inspected
and fumigated at other points of delivery on payment of all
cost. To sell or deliver nursery stock it is necessary to first
obtain a liecnse by paying a fee of $25 and by filing with the
Secretary of the State Board of Horticulture a bond in the
sum of $1,000 annually. Notice of shipment, including an
invoice of stock, should be sent to the Secretary of the Board.
Mr. Fred Whiteside, Secretary and Inspector at Large, Butte,
Mont.

NesraskKA: No law. State nurseries are inspected by
Prof. Lawrence Brunner, Acting State Entomologist, Lin-
coln, Neb.

NevapA: Nurseries and shipments of nursery stock are
subject to the inspection of a county horticultural commis-
sioner. (Chap. 66, tans of 1903.)

New Hampsuire: Nurseries are inspected at least once
each year. Se ae into the state must be accompanied by
a certificate of inspection, or, in lieu thereof, a certificate of
fumigation, with an affidavit that all stock has been fumigated
in manner prescribed. Each car, box and package shall be
properly labeled. (Law March 4, 1903.) Prof. E. D. San-
derson, State Nursery Inspector, Durham, N. H.

NEw JERSEY : The law requires the inspection of all nur-
series at least once in each year. Shipments into the state
must be accompanied by a certificate of inspection, or copy
thereof, attached to each car or parcel, together with a state-

NURSERY INSPECTION. Jo.

ment from the shipper that the stock therein is a part of the
stock inspected and whether such stock has been fumigated
with hydrocyanic acid gas or not. If stock comes into the
state without a certificate it may be detained for examination,
wherever found, by the State Entomologist, and if found to be
infested with any insects injurious or liable to become so, will
be destroyed. (Chap. 249, Laws of 1903.) Dr. John B.
Smith, Entomologist, New Brunswick, N. J.

New Mexico: No law.

NortH CaroLinA: ‘The regulations in this state have
been revised and the tag system abolished. Nurseries are
inspected annually. Shipments must have duplicate certifi-
cates of inspection attached, and must be fumigated shortly
before made. Shipments into the state must have a copy of a
certificate of inspection; it is desired that the stock shall have
been first fumigated, and a certificate of the consignor to that
effect attached. Duplicate certificates must be filed with Mr.
Franklin Sherman, Jr., State Entomologist, Raleigh, N. C.

NortH Dakota: No law.

Onto: Nurseries are inspected each year or oftener if
necessary. Every package of nursery stock shipped into the
state must be labeled with the name of the consignor and con-
signee, and a certificate showing that the contents have been
inspected or fumigated by a State or Government officer.
Agents must file a sworn statement with the Chief Inspector
that the stock sold by them is covered by an official certificate
before delivering the same. Blanks for statement will be fur-
nished. Provision is made for issuing official certificates of
fumigation to the nurserymen of the state. (Laws of 1904.)
Mr. A. F. Burgess, Chief Inspector, Ohio Dept. of Agricul-
ture, Columbus, Ohio.

OKLAHOMA: Foreign nurseries must request their state
inspector to make report of inspection of their stock to the
Secretary, on blanks with which they have been provided, and
obtain a permit before doing business in the Territory.
Agents are required to carry a duplicate of permit of their
principals and a letter of agency from said principals, stating
that they are duly authorized to act as such. Shipments must
be accompanied with an official certificate of inspection (tag
certified to over fac-simile signature of the Secretary of the
Oklahoma Board of Agriculture, Guthrie, Okla.

34 NURSERY INSPECTION.

OREGON: Stock on arrival is subject to inspection at
specified quarantine stations. Mr. Geo. H. Lamberson, Sec-
retary State Board of Horticulture, Portland, Oregon.

PENNSYLVANIA: Nurseries are inspected twice each year.
Transportation companies are required to reject all nursery
stock not accompanied by a certificate of inspection, and also
to reject all such stock entering the state without a certificate
of fumigation. Nursery stock shipped into the state from
another state, shall be plainly labeled on every package with
the name of the consignor, the name of the consignee, and the
certificate showing that the contents have been inspected by a
State or Government officer and that the nursery stock, except-
ing conifers and herbaceous plants, are properly fumigated
and free from dangerously destructive insects and diseases.
(Chapter 60, Laws of 1905.) Prof. H. A. Surface, Econo-
nuc Zoologist, Harrisburg, Pa.; Mr. Enos B. Engle, Inspector,
Harrisburg, Pa.

RHopE IsLanp: The State Board of Agriculture appoints
a State Nursery Inspector, whose duties shall be to inspect
nurseries and grant an annual certificate. Owners of nur-
series who shall fumigate all stock sold by them may make
affidavit of the fact and attach a copy to each package shipped
in lieu of a certificate of inspection. All nursery stock shipped
into the state shall bear on each package a certificate that the
contents have been inspected by an authorized inspecting off-
cer. In case nursery stock is brought within the state without
such a certificate, the consignee shall return it to the consignor,
provided, however, that any package or box bearing a certifi-
cate of fumigation, which meets the requirements, may be
accepted as tho bearing a certificate of inspection. (Chap.
1159, Laws of 1904.) Mr. A. E. Stene, State Nursery In-
spector, Kingston, R. L.

SoutH CaroLInA: Nurseries must be inspected annually
and it is unlawful to sell or ship without a certificate. All
persons outside the state must register a copy of their certifi-
cate of inspection, furnished by the authorized official of the
state in which he resides, with the chairman of the Board of
Entomology, which copy shall state that in addition to inspec-
tion the nursery stock has been fumigated under the direction
of the official issuing the certificate. Upon the filing of the
proper certificate as prescribed any person outside the state

NURSERY INSPECTION. 3D

dealing in nursery stock will receive official tags, one of which
must be placed, together with a copy of his certificate of inspec-
tion, on each consignment of stock entering the state. (Cir-
cular 1, August, 1903.) Mr. Chas. E. Chambliss, State Ento-
mologist, Clemson College, S. C. .

SoutH Dakota: Nurseries in this state are inspected
between the 1st of June and the 15th of September each year.
It shall be unlawful for any person to ship nursery stock into
this state, unless such stock is accompanied by a certificate of
inspection. (Laws of 1905.) Prof. W. A. Wheeler, State
Entomologist, Brookings, S. D.

TENNESSEE: Nurseries are inspected annually or oftener,
if necessary, and all shipments must be accompanied by a copy
of a certificate of inspection. Any person outside the state,
before shipping into the state shall register his name, or the
‘firm or corporation name, and file a copy of an official certifi-
cate of inspection with the Secretary of the State Board of
Entomology, and all packages must be marked with the name
of the consignor and consignee and a certificate that the con-
tents have been inspected. All stock sold in the state shall be
fumigated immediately before shipment or delivery. Every
individual sale or bill of trees must bear a copy of inspection
certificate. Prof. H. A. Morgan, Secretary and State Ento-

mologist, Knoxville, Tenn.

. Texas: All nursery stock brought into the state must be
accompanied by a certificate from the consignor, that it has
been fumigated. Every package shall be labeled with the
name of the consignor, the name of the consignee, the con-
tents,-and in addition to the certificate of fumigation, by a
certificate that the contents have been inspected by a State or
Government officer, and that the nursery stock therein con-
tained appears to be free from all injurious insects and dis-
eases. Hon. W. J. Clay, Commissioner of Agriculture, Aus-
tin, Tex.

Uran: The State Board of Horticulture control inspec-
tion in Utah. “It shall not be lawful for any nurseryman,
corporation or private individual to import into this state or to
ship in the state any trees, shrubs or vines, unless the same are
properly certified * * * as having been fumigated or
disinfected by hydrocyanic acid gas before shipment. Impor-
tation of trees or shrubs unaccompanied by such certificate of

36 NURSERY INSPECTION.

fumigation shall be held in quarantine at owner’s risk until so
fumigated at. the cost .ofsthe aporter.--* 9-2, (baws
1905.) Mr. J. Edward Taylor, Secretary State Board of
Horticulture, Salt Lake City, Utah.

VERMONT: No law.

VIRGINIA: Nurseries are inspected at least once each,
year. It is anlawful for any person to sell or deliver any nur-
sery stock, unless he shall first procure from the Auditor of
Public Accounts, Richmond, Va., a certificate of registration,
which certificate shall contain such rules and regulations con-
cerning the sale of nursery stock as the Board of Crop Pest
Commissioners may prescribe. Registration fee is $20 for
principals, with duplicates for agents free. Duplicate certifi-
cates of nursery inspection must in filed with the State Ento-
mologist, and stock entering the state must be accompanied by
an official tag, which may be obtained of the State Entomolo-
gist at the cost of printing, after the duplicate has been filed.
(Eaws of..1903.). Mr. J-L-Phullips,; State Entomoloeist,
Blacksburg, Va.

\VASHINGTON: Persons to engage in the business of sell-
ing nursery stock as an agent, or importing nursery stock,
must first obtain a license to do business in the state, and file a
bond in the sum of $1,000. The license fee for nurserymen
and dealers is $5, and for their agents or salesmen, who shall
be furnished a copy, $2.50. Notice of shipments into the
state must be sent and shall contain the address of both con-
signor and consignee, with a copy of invoice of goods shipped.
(Laws of 1905.) Commissioner of Horticulture, Tacoma,
Wash.

West VircintaA: Nursery stock must be fumigated be-
fore delivery. Each package of stock shipped into the state
shall be labeled with the names of consignor and consignee,
and a certificate that the contents have been inspected and
fumigated. Every dealer or grower of nursery stock who
employs agents for the sale of the same shall take out a license
in some county of the state, said license to be issued by the
assessor, and he shall pay to the sheriff of the county wherein
said license is issued the fee, which is fixed at ten dollars per
annum. Every such dealer or grower shall file with the clerk
of the county court in each county where such individual has
traveling salesmen. or agents, a list of all agents in said county.

NURSERY INSPECTION. aif

(Laws of 1893 and Chap. 61 of Laws of 1905.) Mr. J. B.
Garvin, Secretary Board of Agriculture, Charleston, W. Va. ;
Mr. J. H. Stewart, Director of Agricultural Experiment Sta-
tion, Morgantown, W. Va.

Wisconsin: Nurseries are inspected each year. Ship-
ments into the state must have attached the certificate. of
inspection of a duly appointed State or Government officer.
(Chap. 180, Laws of 1899.) Prof. E. P. Sandsten, Inspector,
Agricultural Experiment Station, Madison, Wis.

Wyominc: Any person or firm wishing to do business
in this state must first obtain a license. Licenses are issued on
application, for a period terminating on July I of the next suc-
ceeding inspection year (approximately two years). All appli-
cations must be accompanied by the license fee ($25.00), a
bond in the sum of $500 conditioned that the principal will
faithfully obey the law of the state of Wyoming, and by a cer-
tified certificate of inspection from an authorized inspector in
the state from which shipments are to be made. On receipt
of these, the Secretary of the State Board issues authorized
shipping tags (at cost). Nursery stock may not enter the
state and transportation companies may not deliver unless such
tag be attached to each and every box, bundle or bale. The
presence of the shipping tag shall be taken as prima facie evi-
dence of inspection and no further inspection is required, tho
the Board reserves the right to re-inspect if for any cause it
may deem it wise to do so. For circular of detailed informa-
tion address the Secretary State Board of Horticulture, Lara-
mie, Wyo.

CANADA: Within the Province of Ontario all nursery
stock, except greenhouse plants, herbaceous perennials, herb-
aceous plants, conifers, bulbs and tubers, must be fumigated
before shipment.

Shipments into Canada must be addressed so as to enter
Canada at one of the named ports of entry, where the stock
will be unpacked and fumigated by the authorities.

The fumigation seasons for the various stations are as fol-
lows: Vancouver, B. C., October 15th to May rst; Winni-
peg, Man., March 15th to May 15th, and October 7th to De-
cember 7th; Windsor, Ont., March 15th to May r5th, and
September 26th to December 7th; Niagara Falls, Ont., March
15th to May 15th, and September 26th to December 7th; St.

38 SPRAYING IN NURSERY AND ORCHARD.

Johns, Que., March 15th to May 15th, and September 26th
to December 7th; St. John, N. B., March 15th to May 15th,
and October 7th to December 7th. (Regulations 1905.) Dr.
James Fletcher, Dominion Entomologist, Ottawa, Canada.

SPRAYING IN NURSERY AND ORCHARD.

It is a pleasure to note a very general awakening amongst
orchardists and nurserymen along this line, as evidenced by
numerous letters and inquiries. ;

We have initiated a series of experiments in different parts
of the state with both liquid and dust sprays, but prefer to do
more work before reporting. Briefly, we may say, that in one
nursery where liquid Bordeaux was used, and where 200 rows
of nursery stock were sprayed, each row 8o rods long, the
season's work called for 38% barrels of the solution, and three
men and one team were employed for what was equivalent to
five days’ time. The season’s spraying, labor and material
cost about $38.00. The field workers in charge reported in
November generally good results; that the stock made excel-
lent growth during the latter part of the season, etc., but in
this case it would have been impossible to personally superin-
tend the experiment, and the work was not done as systemat-
ically as might be desired. More detailed results are expected
next year.

Another orchardist in Norman County sprayed his Plums
and Apples thoroly in April with liquid Bordeaux (4-4-50),
and in October reports trees and fruit free from fungus, a
result which he attributes to the spraying.

On our experimental garden at the Station we sprayed our
nursery trees with weak Bordeaux (3-6-50) on May 28th,
June 2nd and June 25th. The trees were kept generally free
from fungus, but the spraying appeared to have but little effect
upon the disease known as Shot-hole Fungus.

Mr. Fred Mohl, a progressive orchardist and nurseryman
and a prominent citizen of Adrian, Minnesota, is an enthu-
siastic supporter of the dust spray, and certainly an examina-
tion of his well kept nursery, showing a marked absence of
insects and fungus diseases, goes far to substantiate his claims
for this method. He declares that the cost of applying dust
will not exceed one half the cost of liquid spraying, and that

“ALOSINN BIOSOUUITY Uloyynog vB ul asn ul yIvO AvIdG—'eT ‘O1LT

‘

SPRAYING IN NURSERY AND ORCITARD., 39

one gallon of dust spray will go as far and effectively as one
barrel of liquid Bordeaux.

On July 6th, at my request, he kindly submitted a report of
the work done with dry Bordeaux in both his nursery and
orchard. He sprayed a ten acre orchard of ten year old trees
on May 5th, May 19th and June rst, and averaged 65 lbs. of
dust each time. ‘The time required for the first spraying was
four hours, and two men and one team were required. [is
dust, consisting of a mixture of ground lime, Sal Bordeaux,
Sulphur and Paris Green, compounded and prepared by the
dealer, cost him 4c per lb. Basing my computations upon the
usual wages of men thus employed, and cost of team, the labor
and material for the three sprayings, amounted to about
$22.50. From the fact that this was done on an orchard,
whereas the spraying with liquid Bordeaux, cost of which is
given above, was done in a nursery, and for other evident rea-
sons, the two can hardly be compared as to cost. I give Mr.
Mohl’s own words in reply to certain questions sent him from
this office on July 14th.

Fic. 16.—A machine which bids fair to be useful in spraying nursery rows.

“In regard to the questions regarding dust spraying will
say that best results I think can be obtained on a still morning

4.0 SPRAYING IN NURSERY AND ORCHARD.

when there is some dew on the foliage, but good results can
be obtained most any time on a still day, or even when there
is a gentle breeze.

“On a perfectly still day it will not inconvenience the work-
men or horses for the reason that the machine blows the dust
away from the operator, that is to say, they are behind the
gun, and it is not one-fourth as disagreeable as handling liquid
Bordeaux. If a little dust should settle on them, it can easily
be brushed off. If it falls on the horses, it does them no harm.
Asa rule there is always a perceptible breeze and of course we
spray to the windward. As for thoroness of the work and
the results obtained, the easy method of applying the dust and
for time occupied, the liquid Bordeaux is not in it with double
strength dust formula and in my opinion the dust formula can
be purchased as cheaply as one can properly make it and thus
avoid the disagreeable feature of mixing it up.”’

The above two experiments were planned for a comparison
between dust and liquid spraying. Unfortunately there is no
good basis for comparison, and, as intitnated at the beginning
of this article, we need more time and more careful detailed
work before giving conclusive report. From personal obser-
vation we are of the opinion that both methods, if intelligently
and faithfully followed, give good results.

Fig. 15 illustrates a high cart used for spraying nursery
trees in a large nursery in Southern Minnesota. It is modeled
somewhat on the lines of the nursery sprayer constructed by
this department some years ago and figured in an Annual Re-
port. In this cart, however, as can be seen from the photo-
graph, the axle is so constructed that the wheels can be shifted
to accommodate different widths between: rows. One defect,
which can be easily remedied, is the small size of the recepta-
cle, which obliges the outfit to return to the base of supplies too
frequently, thereby losing time. The owner of this cart writes
that while no detailed account was made of the effect of the
season’s spraying, he did not hesitate to say that the results
were good and that no nurseryman could afford to raise trees
without spraying.

Fig. 17 shows a hand apparatus, which we find very useful,
and which can be advantageously employed in any small gar-

s AN ENTOMOLOGICAL CALENDAR. 4.1

den, orchard or even nursery; its cost, complete, is about

$15.00.

Fic. 17.—A practical apparatus in use in our experimental garden. (Author’s
illustration. )

AN ENTOMOLOGICAL CALENDAR.
The following suggestions for practical work during the
various months of the year may be useful to many of our
farmers and orchardists :

JANUARY.

Prune off and destroy eggs of tent caterpillars and canker
worms on apple and other trees.

Fic. 18.—Eggs of Tent Caterpillar. Fic. 19.—Eggs of Tentless Caterpillar.

If Oyster-shell Scale or scurfy scale is on your trees, spray
with lime-sulphur wash, clean out pump and nozzles thor-
oly after using this wash.

4.2 AN ENTOMOLOGICAL CALENDAR.

Pick off and destroy the cocoons of the Cecropia Moth,
and all other cocoons, on plum and other fruit trees.

Fie. 20.—Cocoon of Cercropia moth.

Collect and destroy all “plum pockets” still clinging to
trees or lying on ground. Litter under plum trees should be
burned.

Fic. 21.—Plum Pockets. Summer condition. Photograph by H. Cuzner, Horticultural
Department, Minnesota Experiment Station.

Hang suet or meat of some kind in your orchard to encour-

AN ENTOMOLOGICAL CALENDAR. 43

age the presence of birds. The chickadees'and downy wood-
peckers will find codling moth larvae in their cocoons and eat
them. The former bird also eats the eggs of plant lice.

Fic. 23.—Eggs of Plant lice.

Look at your seed beans and peas to see that the bean wee-
vil or pea weevil is not working therein. If they are present,
place seed in an air-tight receptacle and fumigate with bisul-
phide of carbon. Avoid bringing a light of any kind near this
liquid. a=

Fic. 24.—Bean weevil and Pea weevil. Summer condition. After Brehm.

FEBRUARY AND MARCH.

Finish any uncompleted work of January.

Scrape off loose bark from trunks and large branches of
old fruit trees with a sharp hoe or scraper made for the pur-
pose. This single scraping should precede any winter spray-
ing.

4.4. AN ENTOMOLOGICAL CALENDAR.

If Lecanium scales (soft scales) are on the plums, spray
during a warm day with kerosene emulsion (I part emulsion
to 4 parts water.) A spraying with lime-sulphur wash will
kill all scales. A coat of whitewash on trunk and larger
branches is excellent, though not fatal to all scale insects.

Fic. 26.—Lecanium scales.

Brittle currant canes are probably hollowed by the currant
borer. Infested canes should be burned.

Fic. 27.—Work of the Currant borer.

3urn leaves and rubbish under gooseberry bushes to
destroy gooseberry fruit worm and other injurious hibernat-
ing insects. Do the same with leaves and trash in your plum
and apple orchards. t

If the Scurfy Scale or Oyster-shell Scale are on your apple
trees, and you did not spray in January, do not fail to do so
now,

oe AN ENTOMOLOGICAL CALENDAR. 45

Fic. 28.—Oyster shell scale. After Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dep. of Agriculture.

Tic. 29.—Scurfy scale. After Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dep. of Agriculture.

_See that your spray pump, hose, nozzles and the remainder
of your outfit is in good condition for spring work. Order
any apparatus and all insecticides (Paris green, etc.) you may
need for spring and summer spraying.

4.6 AN ENTOMOLOGICAL CALENDAi

Put bird houses in your orchard in order to invite the pres-
ence of these helpful friends later.

Fic. 32.—Nore: If the round hole is made the size of a silver quarter, it will admit
wrens and keep out English sparrows.

APRIL.

Use strong Bordeaux, (4-6-50) on your orchard and

Fic. 33.—Grasshoppers egg laying.

AN ENTOMOLOGICAL CALENDAR. 4.7

nursery trees, giving them two thoro tee with an inter-
val of ten is or two weeks betewen spraying

Land infested with grasshopper eggs, and aa plowed last
fall, should receive attention this month as early as possible.

Look over your bushes and berries again and cut out all
infested canes. Raspberry and blackberry vines may show
slits of the snowy tree cricket. Such affected canes should be
destroyed.

Fic. 35.—Work of Red-necked cane borer. After Riley.

Fic. 36.—Burrow of Raspberry cane borer.

If not done before, prune out and burn the twigs showing
fresh wounds made by the Buffalo tree hopper the previous
year.

48 AN ENTOMOLOGICAL CALENDAR.

Ics. 87 and 38.—Two Buffalo tree hoppers occurring in Minnesota. Fic 37 after
Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dep. of Agriculture. Fic. 38.—After Riley.

Burn all trash not destroyed in the fall.

Plowing this month will turn up the pupae of army worms
and other cut worms, and is still advisable as treatment for the
Hessian fly and wire worms.

Fic. 39.—Pupa of Army worm.

MAY AND JUNE.

Early in May complete any April work prevented by unfa-
vorable weather. Between May Ist and roth, and later look
out for cut worms. .

Spray nursery and orchard trees with Bordeaux just before
the blossoms open in the orchard (and the same date in the
nursery), using it at the strength of 4-6-50. Repeat imme-
diately after all bloom has fallen, adding Paris green to the
Bordeaux for leaf-eating caterpillars, Codling Moth, Plum

AN ENTOMOLOGICAL CALENDAR. 4.9

Curculio, etc. Bordeaux itself will kill the spores of fungous
diseases. Repeat ten days later, and give a fourth spraying
with poisoned Bordeaux (8 oz. of Paris green or 3 lbs. of
Arsenate of lead in every 50 gals. of Bordeaux) twelve days
after the last. Do this work thoroly. On plums and other

tender foliage, 4-6-50 is the best strength 6f Bordeaux.

Fic. 40.—Proper time to spray.

Turn a strong stream from the hose upon the Cottony
Maple Scale wherever you see it, or brush it off from all
vines, etc.

Plant lice get busy during these two months, and can be
killed in nursery rows by bending over young growth affected
with lice and “swashing” it back and forth in a soap solution
(5c cake of Ivory Soap dissolved in 10 to 12 gals. of water
and applied when warm), or soap and tobacco solution. Or
I lb. whale oil soap in 8 gals. water. The same solutions can
be used as a spray.

The currant worm may be working on the currants and
gooseberries. Hellebore will kill it.

The latter part of June the young of Lecanium scales are
hatching and can be killed by Ivory Soap sprays (5¢ cake in
7 gals. water. )

Fic. 41.—Female lecanium scale with eggs.

50 AN ENTOMOLOGICAL CALENDAR.

Look out for stalk borer in vegetable and flower garden.

During June and July take active measures against the
Green Cabbage Worm. Pay the children a little something to
catch and kill all the white cabbage butterflies they see hover-
ing about the cabbages.

JULY AND AUGUST.

Spray fruit trees about the middle of July and again
toward the last of the month with Paris green and Bordeaux
(4-6-50 for apple; 3-6-50 for plum), for Codling Moth, Plum
Curculio, caterpillars and fungous diseases.

The yellowish eggs of the squash bug can readily be found
on the under side of the leaves of squashes, etc. Destroy
them.

Should numerous destructive leaf-eating caterpillars appear
in force, spray foliage at once with Paris green solutions (1
Ib. in 150 gals. and kept stirred while using), or arsenate of
lead—3 lbs. to every 150 gals. of water. The latter can be
used safely on evergreens, upon which one should never use
Paris green.

Pigs, if allowed to run in the orchard, will eat fallen fruits
which contain Codling Moth or Plum Curculio larvae.

AN ENTOMOLOGICAL CALENDAR. sat

In July your lawn may be dying in spots on account of the
work of the White Grub. Plenty of water will sometimes
cause the grass to out-grow their ravages. The robins will
help you by eating them.

Note whether your wheat, barley or rye is “‘crinkling
down” owing to the presence of Hessian Fly or Chinch Bugs.
If the “flax seed” of Hessian Fly is present in abundance,
make a mental note to turn under the stubble without fail in
the fall.

Do not let plant lice get the better of you, as they will in
roses, golden glow, buckthorn and plum and apple trees, if not
vigorously treated.

SEPTEMBER AND OCTOBER.

Wormy apples should not be stored for any length of time
in fruit cellar, barn or shed, for the Codling Moth larvae
(“apple worms’’) will find secure retreats in such places, and
emerge as moths in the spring.

If you have reason to suspect the presence of grasshopper
eggs in large numbers in any of your fields, plow as late as
possible in the fall. This prevents the young hopper from
emerging in the spring.

NOVEMBER AND DECEMBER.

Clean up fallen limbs, rubbish and everything which offers
secure retreats for injurious insects during the winter season.

Pruning limbs of fruit trees in winter will remove with the
cuttings many lice eggs, and frequently hibernating insects as
well. AG.

ie AN ENTOMOLOGICAL CALENDAR.

Burn all limbs pruned during fall and winter.

Old melon, cucumber and squash vines should be burned,
_and all rubbish near ground which has been in such crop should
be destroyed. By such treament, hibernating squash bugs,
cucumber beetles, and the eggs of the melon louse will be
destroyed.

Burn old straw stacks where straw is not needed. Such
places offer winter resting places for several varieties of injuri-
ous insects.

All fallen leaves under fruit trees, berry bushes, currants
and grape vines should be destroyed in the late fall. These
afford hibernating places for insects.

x *k x x xk xk x *

DON’T spray with arsenic. One Minnesota man did be-
cause the stuff was cheap. Result, some dead turkeys, and
dead lambs which fed on the alfalfa under the sprayed trees.

Paris Green and water at the rate of one pound of the
former to 150 gallons of the latter will not injure stock which
might graze in an orchard immediately after it had been
sprayed. Of course, if a large amount of the solution should
be dumped on the grass in one place, and stock should crop
that particular spot damage might result.

Quick lime added to Paris Green solution at the rate of
one pound of lime for every pound of Paris Green will prevent
burning by neutralizing the acid in the Paris Green. More
lime might be added with perfect safety. Clear lime water
added to the Paris Green solution would naturally produce the
same result.

RECEIPT FOR BORDEAUX MIXTURE.

For use as a liquid spray there are several formulae for
this very important fungicide, but the principle of making is
the same in each.

Have a stock solution of copper sulphate made by suspend-
ing copper sulphate (blue vitrol) in a bag just below the sur-
face of a tub of water, at the rate of one pound to a gallon of
water. Make also a stock solution of lime; use a known quan-
tity of good lime, slake slowly and add water to make a thick
milk of lime; allow to cool before using, and always keep the
lime covered with water, When ready to spray dilute the

AN ENTOMOLOGICAL CALENDAR. 53

required amount of each of the stock solutions to 25 gallons,
and then pour the two diluted solutions together.
lor dormant trees use:
Cu So4, 6 pounds;
Lime, 6 pounds ;
Water, 50 gallons.
‘or plants in foliage use:
Cu So4, 4 pounds;
Lime, 6 pounds;
Water, 50 gallons.
For tender foliage, such as plum, etc., use:
Cu So4, 3 pounds;
Lime, 6 pounds ;
Water, 50 gallons.

TESTS FOR BORDEAUX.

One must be sure that the solution is alkaline.

There are three simple tests which may be used to deter-
mine this. “First, hold a clean, bright knife blade in the Bor-
deaux Mixture for at least one minute. If it becomes copper-
plated more lime should be used. Second, pour some of the
Bordeaux Mixture into a shallow dish, and, holding it up to
the light, blow gently across its surface. If properly made a
thin pellicle will form on the surface of the liquid. If this
does not form more lime should be added. ‘Third, dissolve
one ounce of ferro-cyanide of potassium in five or six ounces
of water. Pour some of the Bordeaux Mixture into a white
dish and add to it a few drops of the ferro-cyanide solution.
If sufficient lime has been used no change will be noticed. If
a brownish-red discoloration takes place more lime should be

added.”
RECIPE FOR LIME-SULPHUR WASH.

To 2 gallons boiling water add 2 Ibs. quick lime. After
lime has slaked add 1% pounds of powdered sulphur (first
stirring it up with a little water to form a paste). Boil one
half hour or more and strain thru a netting or sieve, and add
enough water to make 5 gallons. Or, the following propor-
tions may be used,—2o Ibs. lime, 15 lbs. sulphur, 50 gals. of
water.

54. THE COTTONY MAPLE SCALE.

Another excellent lime-sulphur wash is made without ex-
ternal heat as follows:

“Add 30 lbs. of lime to 6 gals. of warm water.. While it
is slaking add 15 lbs. of powdered sulphur, which has previ-
ously been made into a thin paste. Mix it thoroly with the
slaking lime. Then add four to six pounds of caustic soda to
prolong the boiling, adding water to the hot mass from time
to time as needed. Keep thoroly stirred, and when all chem-
ical action has ceased add 44 gallons of water (making 50 in
all).’’ Eight to ten pounds of sal soda can be used in place
of the caustic soda if desired.

This wash has given excellent satisfaction, in some cases.

MINNESOTA NEEDS LAWS TO PREVENT THE SALE HERE OF
ADULTERATED AND INFERIOR PARIS GREEN.

THE COTTONY “MA PEERS CALE
Pulvinaria innumerabilis.

The accompanying photograph is a good illustration of the
injury caused by this very common pest. Not only has it con-
tinued to afflict our shade trees in Minnesota, but it has been
destructive in many other localities of the middle West, as well
as in some states nearer the Rocky Mountains. Milwaukee
reports great damage to shade trees in its streets and parks,
and correspondence with Chicago parties indicates a similar
condition there. In fact many trees have been killed by this
scale in both of these places. As evidence of its wide distribu-
tion in the United States, we might say that it occurs in all but
about eighteen of the states, ranging from Washington and
southern California on the west to New York and Florida on
the east, and from Wisconsin and Minnesota to Texas. Ina
recent excellent bulletin from Colorado, which contains a map
showing its distribution, we note that Mr. Johnson has failed
to indicate that it occurs in Minnesota. As a matter of fact,
it is one of the worst pests we have on soft maple, and has
been injurious here for several years. The Box Elder Maple
is also a sufferer, and the Elm, beside a large number of other
trees, and many vines and shrubs. The Hard Maple does not
appear to be affected.

Fortunately this scale, a native of this country, has many

Fig. 45.—Work of the Cottony Maple scale on Maple trees at Luverne, Minn.
Note the dead branches.

THE COTTONY MAPLE SCALE. 55

enemies, both parasitic and predaceous. It.is preyed upon by
several of the so-called ‘““Lady-birds,” beetles belonging to the
Coccinellidae, which, both in the young and adult condition,
consume large numbers of the pest. Fig. 47 is a photograph
of a number of larval skins containing pupae of one of these
beneficial beetles, found by a correspondent upon a tree
which has been affected with Cottony Maple Scale, and sup-
posed by him to be some other form of injurious insect.

Fie. 46.—The Cottony Maple scale. (Author’s illustration.)

Treatment: We cannot rely entirely upon the natural ene-
mies of the Maple Scale, but should resort to some of the fol-
lowing expedients to free our trees of this destructive insect.

Summer treatment, as a rule, is not practicable, for inasmuch
as the young are hatching during a long period, four, five or
six sprayings are called for, yet relief can be obtained if one has
city water, by spraying the scales with a strong stream. They
congregate chiefly on the under side of the branches, and a
small jet from the hose, if it strikes them with sufficient force,
will dislodge them. The larvae hatching from the eggs under
the scales, as the latter lie on the ground, will hardly be able

to reach the trees. When the young scales are hatching, a

56 THE COTTONY MAPLE SCALE.

spray consisting of one
pound of whale-oil soap
dissolved in four gallons
of water, applied severa'
times, will be beneficial,
When trees are dormant,
or any time: after the
leaves have fallen, use 20
per cent kerosene emul-
sion (one part stock solu-
tion to four of water).
This strength must not be
used when the trees are in
foliage. A 5 per cent so-
lution, however, can be
used with safety, when
trees are in leaf and if ap-
plied when the ‘scales are

first hatched, is fatal to
them. One pound of
Fic. 47.—“‘Lady Bird” larval skins (contain. whale oil soap in one gal-
ing E ark ‘ee infe vit]
ing pumas) on. bark are Be infested with lon of water is also 200d
Maple scale. (Author’s illustration.) =)
when the trees are dor-
mant.

Directions for making kerosene emulsion:

Hubbard Formula—
Hard soap, or soft soap, one pound,
ICerosene, 2 gals.,
Water, I gal.,

Dissolve the soap in boiling water; remove from the stove
and add the kerosene while the water is still boiling hot;
churn with a spray pump until it gets to be a soft butter-like
mass.

Judicious pruning in fall, winter or early spring, before
the eggs hatch, or at the time when the cottony secretion first
becomes conspicious is helpful.

THE SOFT SCALE OF THE PLUM. : Fy,

hE SOR SCALE OF TE PEUM:
Eulecanium cerasifex, Fitch.

This scale, which seems to be rapidly increasing in Minne-
sota, we. found in large numbers in June on the Plum, Elm,
Mountain Ash, different Spireas, and a species, which appears
identical, also occurs on the Hard and Soft Maple. An owner
of a plum orchard in Ramsey county reports it as very abund-
ant this year on his trees and those of his neighbors, and in
July a number of specimens were received from Aitkin county.

Fic. 48.—Eulecanium on Elm. (Author’s illustration.)

Its Life History: The large brown scales noticed on the
twigs and branches during the year are females. The young:
of the preceding year, flat, spindle-shaped, much smaller than
their parents, having hibernated on the stems and branches
amongst the larger scales, begin to move about early in the
spring, and attach themselves finally, for the most part, to the
undersides of the small branches. ‘These little animals grow
rapidly, and before the summer is through are as large as their
parents. The winged males issue from delicate scales, known
by their smaller size, and whitish color. The males may issue
in May, possibly, and they perish after mating with the females.
The fertilized females soon begin to lay eggs, and finally the
hemispherical scale is nothing but a covering over thousands
of tiny eggs, the body of the female shriveling up as egg laying
proceeds. Although this dead scale is in itself no menace
to the fruit grower, its presence is proof positive that there are
also on the tree hundreds of young scales which will work de-
struction if not killed,

58 THE SOFT SCALE OF THE PLUM.

Owing to the enormous number of egg's laid by this species,
the rapidity of its growth, and the avidity with which it feeds
upon a large variety of trees and shrubs, it is to be regarded
as a dangerous pest.

We kept careful watch during spring to determine the
date of the first hatching of the young scale, in order to know
when best to apply sprays fatal to it at this tender, unprotected
stage. The hatching proved to be late, June 12th still finding
no change, and it was not until late in June and early in
July that the young emerging from the eggs, were
observed crawling over the branches. They were found then
to be arranging themselves along the veins on the under side
of the leaves. By July oth, practically all the eggs had
hatched. During this month (July), two tiny parasities were
reared from these scales, one Coccophagus lecanu, Fitch (iden-
tified by Howard), a well known hymenopterous enemy of this
scale; another hymenopter, Blastothrix longipennis, Howard,
both belonging to the family Chalcididae. We have also found
a Coccinellid, Hyperaspis, sp., feeding voraciously upon what
appears to be this scale on the Jack Pine. In fact a few years
ago we found this Coccinellid so abundant amongst the Lecan-
ium scales on Jack Pine on the station grounds that we stopped
spraying and left the beetle and the scale to fight it out by them-
selves. The former, either entirely by its own efforts, or
aided possibly by the presence of parasites, came out vic-
torious, and at the present time there is little, if any, of this
scale upon our evergreens.

Treatment: Pruning in the winter and early spring while
the scales are dormant, and destroying the infested cuttings
would seem to be practicable and desirable. They can also
be easily brushed off the limbs. Accessory to this, two or
three sprayings about July Ist (or as soon as the young
scales are observed to be hatching), with a solution made
by dissolving a 5-cent cake of Ivory soap in five gallons
of water, is recommended. We suggest this as the result
of experiments made by this division of the Experiment
Station, in which the above solution gave good results. A
kerosene emulsion (1 part stock to 15 of water), carefully
made and applied as a spray in the early summer, while
the young are still active, is also recommended. To secure
good results kerosene emulsion must be made exactly

Fic. 49.—Erratic Army worm. Lugger.

THE ARMY WORM. 59

_ according to directions (see p. 56), and diluted with care
Since a little oil will rise to the surface during its use in the
held, it is advisable to pour away the last of the pailful or can-
ful, and not let it touch the foliage. The Ivory soap solution
is safer. It is to be noted that after the young scales have be-
come-attached to the under side of the leaves it is almost
impossible to reach them all with a spray, hence, it is desirable
to attack them as soon as they have hatched. In winter this
emulsion may be applied to the adult scales as strong as I to 4.
Spraying to be effectual must be thoro.

THE ARMY WORM.
Leucania unipunctata.

The season just passed has been characterized by a large
number of complaints of the ravages of the Army Worm,
which, upon examination, proves to be the above species.
Timothy appeared to be the crop which suffered most, and
from reports, we judge this pest may be heard from in still
more harmful numbers next season.

It is probably known to our readers that this is really one
of the cut worms, but that it 1s found some seasons in such
numbers, attacking our crops in vast armies, that it well
deserves the name given to it.

Its life history is in general that of any cut worm: One
female lays about 500 or more eggs, placing fifteen or twenty,
or more, together on a blade of grass. In from six to ten
days these hatch, and at once begin to attack the vegetation
upon which they occur. Frequently a farmer will see the effect
of their work without being aware of their presence. Most
of our grasses, as well as the cereals, corn included, are subject
to their appetite. It also has been known to feed upon apple
foliage, and its eggs have been found on this tree. They reach
their full size in from one to two months, and at that time are
about 1% inch long. They are generally characterized by
four broad stripes on either side, the upper two stripes lighter
than those below. When full grown the caterpillar works its
way an inch or more into the ground, and within a smooth,
oval cell in the soil, transforms into a brown pupa not quite
an inch long. With us, it is claimed the insect passes the
winter as a partially grown caterpillar and finishes its trans-

60 THE STALK BORER.

formations the following year.. From about the middle of
June (sometimes earlier), the brownish moths begin to emerge
from the pupae, and are found flying way into September.

Fic. 50.—Army worm, L. unipunctata.

In their marches, it is asserted, the caterpillars will some-
times destroy young fields of flax, by biting off portions of the
plants without utilizing them for food, and when feeding on
oats, too, they work the greatest injury by causing kernels
which are not eaten to fall to the ground.

Treatment: The most effective method of combating the
army worm is ditching; if two or more furrows be turned
up with a plow between the advancing army and the crop
which it threatens, the steep side of the furrow being toward

THE STALK BORER. 61

the latter, the worms tend to congregate therein, brought to
a stop by the wall of dirt. These furrows should be about
two feet, or more, apart. Better yet, if time and labor are
available, is to dig a ditch next the crop which is in danger,
since it is harder for them to extricate themselves from a
ditch, than from a furrow. Several furrows, however, will
check them until they can be killed. Killing can be accomp-
lished by putting dry straw on the worms in the furrow and
hurriedly firing it, after wetting it slightly with kerosene. Or,
kerosene may be poured directly on the worms. ‘This in itself
is fatal, but rather expensive. Crushing the worms when in
the ditch or furrow by dragging a small log or piece of timber
through it is practiced by some. Fall plowing (as late as
possible), as in the case of many other of our insect pests, is
excellent, as it either exposes many of the pupae where birds
can find them, and variations in the weather can affect them,
or buries them so deeply that the moths cannot emerge from
the soil.

Some spread dry straw over them when on their food
plants and fire it, thus burning them and saving their attack-
ing a nearby crop which would otherwise have suffered. In-
asmuch as the vicinity of old straw stacks offers an ideal
place for hibernation, such rubbish, which is also a haven of
refuge for other pests as well, should not be allowed to stand
undisturbed for any length of time.

ee eee

Fic. 51.—Parasitized Army worms and the fly which attacks them. Slingerland.

62 THE STALK BORER.

Like caterpillars and other pests which congregate in large
numbers, the army worm is subject to disease and the attacks
of parasites, which thus indirectly aid the farmer.

PEE SEA BORRR,
Papaipema (Gortyna) nitella.

Among the minor pests 1n this state, the Stalk Borer con-
tinues to be very near the head of the list, increasing in num-
bers and enlarging its range of food plants yearly. While its
presence is felt more keenly in the flower garden, tomato and
potato plants, young corn, raspberries and blackberries suffer,
and even cereals are not exempt, the pest having been found
in wheat and oat stalks. Shrubs and even trees which have
a soft, pithy center are occasionally attacked. In the flower
garden, as previously mentioned, we have found it in dahlia,
hollyhock, golden glow, aster, gallardias, phlox, and various
other much prized plants.

RBGN Bycy
CARBON 235 y
firs.

¢

Fic. 53.—Weapons to be used against the Stalk Borer. (Author’s illustration.)

This year in addition to the above it has occurred in
peonies and lilies, ragweed and pigweed, and in the laboratory
it has fed eagerly upon a variety of plants.

This pest is particularly insidious, from the fact that one
does not realize its presence until the drooping of some choice

Wie Rede

THE STALK BORER. 63

lily, dahlia or other plant causes an examination of the stalk,

* in which the borer’s hole may then be found below the wilted

portion, and nine times out of ten the borer itself lies within
the stalk, either above or below the opening. Occasionally the
affected stalk can be saved if treated at the very first appear-
ance of the drooping. We have rescued a number of dahlias
by dropping with a medicine dropper about a quarter to one-
half teaspoonful of bisulphide of carbon into the hole, and then
stopping it with cotton. Occasionally the worm can be reached,
in stems which are straight, without seriously injuring the
plant, by pushing a flexible wire into the burrow through the
opening. In extreme cases we have slit the stem with a pen-
knife from the opening up (if the worm is not above, it must
be sought for below the opening), removed and killed the
worm, and bound up the stem with raffia. The radical treat-
ment is to cut off the stem considerably below the opening, and
destroy the borer, thus preventing its subsequent increase.

A significant fact was the finding the pest this year work-
ing in burdock in a vacant lot adjoining the writer’s flower
garden, indicating a handy source of supply constantly threat-
ening the plants, in spite of faithful work within the garden’s
confines. Evidently, one who would raise plants free from
injury should see to it that all burdock (and, evidently, many
other weeds), in neglected spots should be eliminated from the
neighborhood.

We believe this worm leaves one stalk in which it has fed,
for another which offers a fresh food supply; in other words,
it probably does not necessarily complete its larval life in one
plant or one stem of the plant. Normally, it pupates in the
ground just below the surface, the pupa giving rise to a
brownish moth, with a narrow white line in each fore wing.
It is a member of the Noctuidae, the family which contains the
cut-worms. From pupae obtained from hollyhocks in August,
we have had the moth emerge in September. The caterpillar
described in a previous report, varies considerably in color;
it has eight stripes running along the body, and may, when
young, have more or less of a purplish tinge. As it gets older
it becomes duller colored, and about midway of its length the
color is such as to make that part appear diseased. Many
points in connection with the life history of this insect, points
which will have a bearing on remedial treatment, remain to be

64 CUT WORMS IN GREEN HOUSES.

learned, and we look forward to next season’s work with the
insect to throw light upon these points. Our newly made
insectary will be of service in this direction.

Bisulphide of carbon must not be brought near a light,
match, cigar, pipe or lamp. It should be bought in one-half
pint cans if possible, as being cheaper than when a smaller
quantity is purchased.

CUT WORMS IN GREEN HOUSES.

In April we received complaints from two different green-
houses in Ramsey county, that young plants were being eaten
by cut worms. These turned out to be Peridroma saucia, and
the superintendent of one greenhouse recalled, when he had
been told that the egg from which the caterpillar came was
laid by a moth, that such moths were very abundant in the
greenhouse early in the season, but he, of course, was unaware
of the danger which its presence involved. Pupae of these
moths must be brought inside with the soil, particularly with
sod, and in this case the trouble, assuming that there were no
egg-laying inside, would only occur after new soil had been
brought in.

We advised trapping the moths, should they appear again,
by placing lighted lamps at night over pans of kerosene and
water, and later, if there were many worms, to use sweetened
bran mash poisoned with Paris green, exercising care in plac-
ing it on the soil amongst the plants, lest in watering the Paris
green be washed around the roots of tender plants. We also
counselled the burying of small 3-inch flower pots in the soil
at intervals, close to edges of the benches, letting the rim.of the
pots be even with or slightly below the surface. Worms crawl-
ing along at night will tumble into these traps and can be
collected and destroyed in the morning.

SOME RECENT OBSERVATIONS ON -THE USE OF
LY DROCYANIC ACT DYGAS:

This gas, fatal to all insect life, and, it must be said, to
human life also, if carelessly used, and made by the union of
cyanide of potash, in itself a poison, with sulphuric acid, 1s
employed very successfully against various pests in household,

SOME RECENT OBSERVATIONS. 65

_ Fic. 54.—Fumes of Hydrocyanic acid gas, arising from jar. (Author’s illustration.)

mills, warehouses, etc., and when handled with proper pre-
cautions by one conversant with its deadly nature, is not only
highly effective, but perfectly safe. We have used it repeat-
edly with success, and so far, with absolutely no accident,
but we are free to admit, that, realizing the inherent danger,
we take each step in the process with the utmost care. These
precautions have now, through repeated use, become auto-
matic, as it were, and we do not hesitate to handle this gas
as freely as we would the less dangerous and correspondingly
less effective bi-sulphide of carbon, and this department has
published from time to time circulars giving careful directions
for its use to millers who would fumigate their mills, and to
others. We will gladly mail these directions to any citizen
of Minnesota who desires them.

As commonly employed .25 of a grain of cyanide is used
for every cubic foot of space to be fumigated, the amount
being reduced to ounces, and the charges tied up in three-
pound packages in double manila paper sacks. Each charge
calls for a four-gallon crock, similar to the one shown in photo-

66 SOME RECENT OBSERVATIONS.

graph, in which we place 5 lbs. of commercial sulphuric acid
with a specific gravity of 1.83 or over, and 7% lbs. of water.
When everything is ready, provision made for outside ventila-
tion, etc., the package of cyanide is dropped into the jar, and
the operator leaves the room. As the gas formed is lighter
than air, and ascends, the one dropping the charge must go
down to the story below, not to the one above.

The question, as to how much time elapses between the
dropping of the charge and the first giving off of the fatal
gas is a vital one, in view of the deadly nature of the gas
and one we have endeavored to settle by various experiments.
In doing the work personally, I have allowed fifteen seconds
as a conservative estimate in this direction, and acted accord-
ingly. To place this matter beyond any doubt, however, we
have, this fall, made several trials, timing the interval between
the dropping of the double bag of cyanide into the jar, and
the first appearance of the fumes (see figure), with surprising
results. A double manila sack was used in each case, that is,
one sack inside another, and various makes of sacks. One
yellow, marked “Pacific;” another, H. P. B. sugar sack;
another, “Mayflower” No. 17, etc. In each case the liquid
was quite warm (the heat being caused by adding water to
the acid), but no observation was made on its exact tempera-
ture. We found in a series of trials that this interval varies
from 29 seconds, the lowest, to four minutes, the latter being
the highest, the variation, evidently, being largely due to vari-
ations in the thickness and character of the paper of which
the sacks are made. Of course, a variation in the warmth
of the liquid would cause a difference.

In connection with these experiments, the question arose,
“Ts it not possible that fumes which would be fatal if breathed,
rise from the jar before they are visible?’ This was answered
in the negative, by placing a live guinea pig in a wire cage
about six inches above the top of the jar, immediately after
the charge of cyanide had been lowered into the acid. Visible
fumes began to rise two minutes after placing the charge, and
a few seconds later the guinea pig succumbed, showing that
the dangerous gas was not given off in a fatal amount until
fumes were observed. It would seem, then, from these results,
that on a very conservative estimate one can depend upon, at

SOME COMMON HOUSEHOLD INSECTS. 67

least, twenty seconds when double sacks are used, and much can
be done in that time.

Another important question connected with the use of
hydrocyanic acid gas is the distance it will penetrate into a
semi-solid mass, a sack of bran, for instance, or masses of
cereals held together by the webbing made by the flour moth
larva.

‘An apparatus used by this department to ascertain this
was found to be faulty, too late in the year to remedy the
defect, and the results of that particular experiment, therefore,
cannot be relied on. However, the matter was given a prac-
tical test by exposing a mass of webbing, over two inches thick,
containing live worms, pupae (and probably eggs), of the
flour moth to the fumes of the gas, as commonly used at the
above strength, and for over ten hours, the time usually occu-
pied in a fumigation. As far as could be observed at the time
everything in this mass was killed, and after three months’
observation of the same in our laboratory, no sign of the flour
moth in any stage was apparent, indicating, possibly, that this
gas has a greater penetration than we had supposed. At the
same time this isolated experiment should not be relied upon
as certifying absolutely upon this point.

While this gas in no way affects dry flour, meal, or any
cereals; in fact, any food product which contains no moisture,
milk, butter, drinking water, or any moist food intended for
use should not be exposed to the fumes. Neither is it desir-
able that silverware, nickle or brass should come in contact
with it at this strength, unless coated with vaseline. Further,
in its use, one should always bear in mind that one good whiff
of the fumes might prove fatal.

AY

SOME COMMON HOUSEHOLD INSECTS.

There are certain very common pests of the household,
regarding which, the entomologist has ever recurring inquiries,
and at the risk of appearing to repeat information previously
printed by this department, we give here detailed remedies of
these injurious forms, without, however, describing the insects,
which have already been so thoroughly discussed that they
are generally familiar objects to every housekeeper.

68 SOME COMMON HOUSEHOLD INSECTS.

CLOTHES MOTH.

It is well to remember that camphor, napthaline, moth balls,
etc., kill neither this insect nor its eggs, but act merely as repel-
lants, nor will storing furs and woolens in a cedar chest, the
odor of which may be repulsive to the insect, be of avail if
there are already eggs or larvae of the moth in the same
when so stored.

As a rule, clothes which are used occasionally, or brushed
or shaken, in order to dislodge any eggs thereon are not
appreciably injured. These eggs hatch in about six or seven
days. If their presence is suspected in any furs or other mate-
rial, a mild beating and brushing of such articles will remove
most, or all. When one is absolutely sure that no eggs or
larvae (worms) are present, a very good practice is to store
articles in pasteboard boxes which are afterwards thoroly
sealed by pasting paper over the cracks. It is usually not
safe to let woolens, furs or feathers remain undisturbed a
long time in an ordinary trunk, since, as a rule, such trunks
are not moth proof.

Fic. 55.—Egg of clothes moth, much enlarged. (Author’s illustration.)

Cold storage is much resorted to for the preservation of
furs during the summer, and this is quite a feature in the
business of many of the cold storage plants in cities. The
pest cannot work in a temperature below 40 degrees Fahr.
Frequent beating of furs, furniture, curtains, woolens, etc.,
during the spring and summer, say, in May, June, July and
August, is helpful.

The writer, in his own house, has practiced the following
method for several years with marked success. A galvanized

SOME COMMON HOUSEHOLD INSECTS. 69

iron chest was constructed, about two feet square at the ends,
and three and a half feet long. The cover fits in with a
flange, and a strip of felting is glued on the cover, round the
edge which rests on the edge of the chest when the cover is in.
place; six hooks on the cover fasten into eyes soldered on
chest, and serve to keep the former in tight. Into this recep-
tacle in the spring goes all of our clothing, not to be used
during the summer, and which is attractive to moths. At the
same time into a saucer-like dish placed on top of the clothing
is poured four tablespoonfuls of bisulphide of carbon, and
the chest closed. It should not be opened for any purpose
for three or four days. We repeat this performance about
ten days later, since the vapor fatal to the larva does not kill
the egg, and perhaps once or twice more at intervals during
the summer. These latter fumigations are probably not neces-
sary, but would kill any insect life should a moth have, by
chance, crawled in. This vapor, heavier than air, sinks
through the clothes stored in the chest. It is explosive when
mixed with the atmosphere, and no light of any kind should
be brought near it. Bisulphide of Carbon should be_pur-
chased in pint or half-pint cans It in no way injures the
clothes.

SIP C6

CARPET BEETLE, “BUFFALO BUG,” “BUFFALO MOTH.”

A beetle, not a bug, and not a moth.

Midsummer house-cleaning of infested houses, or two
house-cleanings each year is desirable, and should be most
thoroly attended to. If carpets are used they should be
thoroly beaten, and, if possible, sprayed out of doors with
some such liquid as benzine or gasoline, and well aired after-
wards. Rooms should have their bare floors thoroly
swept, washed with hot soap-suds, and all cracks drenched
with kerosene or benzine. If possible, it is desirable in bad
cases to lay tarred paper on the floor before laying down the
carpet. Should the carpet show any spots at any time during
the year after such a treatment, affording evidence of the pest,
we are advised by the United States Department of Agricul-
ture to lay a damp cloth smoothly over the places affected,
and iron with a hot iron, thus creating steam which will pass
through the carpet and kill all insects below. This calls for
much “elbow grease.” The use of rugs on bare floors, or

70 SOME COMMON HOUSEHOLD INSECTS.

Fic. 56.—Carpet Beetle in various stages and its work. (Author’s illustration.)

even rugs upon matting, is preferable to the use of carpets,
for obvious reasons. In protecting furs and feathered goods
and woolens from the ravages of these pests one should pro-
ceed in the same way as in the case of protection from moths,
viz.: storing in tight chests or closets, with a supply of cam-
phor or napthaline balls, and frequent examination during the
summer months. Chests lined with tarred paper, which
paper is to be replenished each season, are useful.

Houses where doors and windows are screened in spring
and summer have an advantage. One party claims to have
killed this pest effectively with sulphur fumes. Three or four
pounds of sulphur were burned in tightly closed rooms for
four or five hours, at the time when the insects were first

it

Fic. 58—Roaches, young and adult and egg case, all much enlarged. (Author’s
illustration.)

SOME COMMON HOUSEHOLD INSECTS. {al

observed. A common frying pan made a good dish to burn
the sulphur in, and this was placed in a pan of earth, which
in turn rested upon two bricks on the floor. It must be remem-
bered that these fumes tarnish silver, gilt eels frames, and
all bright metals.

39 66

“SILVER FISH,” “FISH MOTH.”

This is the small, silvery insect which
slips around so rapidly on book shelves
amongst old books, and in bureau draw-
ers, where clothes are kept, and elsewhere.
It is not a moth, and certainly not a fish,
but belongs to the lowest and simplest
order of insects. It is nearly half an inch
long, and is shown in Fig. 57.

It is somewhat of a disputed point as
to whether this insect’s principal food is
of a vegetable nature, starch, for instance,

_ Or whether, when it annoys us in the
Bis. 97.—“Silver Fish.” household, it is really after the glue on
backs of books, in sizing, under the wall paper, etc. We
have known of its ruining several silk dresses, and of its
attacking rugs made of silk scraps.

Fresh pyrethrum powder dusted freely on book chelves
amongst the books is of some help. In houses badly infested
silk dresses and starched clothing should be frequently han-
dled, and not left untouched for long periods in bureau
drawers.

Starch paste poisoned with arsenic, and white glue melted
and similarly poisoned, both being spread upon pieces of card-
board and placed in drawers and elsewhere, wherever this
pest occurs, is being at present tried by this department,
starch thus used having been previously recommended; the
white glue idea being suggested by the claim above referred
to, that this insect seeks glue rather than starch. As we go
to press the results of this comparative test are not available
for publication, the experiment having been tried in a distant
town.

~2 SOME COMMON HOUSEHOLD INSECTS.

ROACHES, COCK ROACHES, CROTON BUGS.

A hard pest to control if it once obtains a foothold. Par-
ticularly, is this so, where a family lives in a flat, since infesta-
tion from one flat to another is comparatively easy. Under
favorable conditions, that is, in a house standing by itself
they can be combated, though it requires perseverance, with
some degree of success. A family known to the entomologist
has conquered roaches by the persistent use of powdered borax
in the kitchen where they occurred. This was dusted in all
cracks and crevices about the room daily (particularly, in the
evening), for two weeks, care being taken to use it liberally
along the entire length of mop board wherever there was a
crack large enough to hide a roach, and its use was persisted
in for some time after all insects had apparently disappeared.
Firms which sell bakers’ supplies generally carry in stock a
patent powder, said to be extremely effective.

Hydrocyanic acid gas used in a house standing apart from
others would kill all such pests, but as the fumes are fatal to
human beings as well, its use calls for extreme care.

FLEAS.

Housekeepers who have been away during the summer,
leaving their houses closed, are frequently surprised, upon
their return in the fall, if the proper conditions as to moisture
have prevailed during their absence, to find the house overrun
with fleas. They ascribe this condition to all sorts of causes,
but rarely hit upon the right explanation.

The writer has yet te see a dog or cat which, at some
time, is not troubled with these pests, and, if proper precau-
tions are not taken, rugs or carpets or matting are quite sure
to be overrun with the pests, as well as the animals themselves.

The eggs of this species are laid among the hairs of the
dog or cat (according to some authorities in the bedding of
the animals and not on the hairs) and readily drop off.
Hence they may be distributed in any room to which these
animals have access, and will be found particularly numerous
in places which they especially frequent, such as rugs before
the fire and the like. The maggots, which hatch from the
eggs in about two weeks, are white, footless, with a pale vel-
low head. They live in the dirt of undisturbed carpets or
rugs, or beneath the same in cracks and crevices of the floor,

WHITE GRUBS IN LAWN. (0

feeding upon minute particles of decaying vegetable or animal
matter found therein. They become full grown in about
twelve days, turn into pupae, and in from ten to sixteen days
(Osborn) come forth as full grown fleas. Thus the time
elapsing from the laying of the egg to the perfection of the
flea is, in round numbers, about forty days.

Houses where rugs are used in place of carpets, or straw
matting, allowing of a frequent, thoro shaking and clean-
ing of the rugs, and a frequent and thoro sweeping of the
bare floors, coupled with a scrubbing or other special treat-
ment of the latter, are naturally less troubled than houses
where the floor coverings are fastened down, thus allowing
the insects to develop without disturbance. When serious
infestation of a house occurs, carpets in infested rooms should
be generously dusted with Persian insect powder. If this
treatment is not successful, carpets and floors as far as possi-
ble should be sprayed with benzine, or gasoline, proper precau-
tion being taken to prevent the fumes coming in contact with
lights and fires during the operation and for some hours
afterward. If necessary, and in addition to the above, car-
pets or matting should be taken up, thoroly beaten out of
doors, and the floors thoroughly washed with hot soapsuds,
taking care to reach every crevice. One writer claims that
spraying a badly infested house, inside, with pennyroyal, a
somewhat expensive process, will quickly drive them from the
building.

The cat or dog can be made to sleep on a rug provided
for the purpose, and this rug shaken into some receptacle, and
the dust containing the eggs and maggots burned. This of
itself would be a decided help.

For ridding a cat or dog of fleas, Creolin, for sale at many
drug stores, is the best agent known to us. For dogs’ use four
teaspoonfuls of this liquid in a quart of water; for cats, two
teaspoonfuls in a quart of water. Shake well and apply with
the hands or a brush, or make enough to submerge the animal.
The latter is the best method, holding the animal in the liquid
until the fur-is completely saturated. The animal requires no
further washing. The fleas upon the fur will all be killed and
the fur benefited. Floors may also well be treated with this
same preparation, using it twice as strong as for dogs, and the
animal’s bedding or matting upon which it sleeps can be fre-

74 WHITE GRUBS IN LAWN.

quently submerged with good results. Of course, fleas will
return to a cat or dog when sufficient time has elapsed after
treatment as above. We must remember that neglected bed-
ding is the chief source of trouble.

Other species of fleas are found on human beings, on rab-
bits, moles, pocket gophers, squirrels, rats, mice, fowls, etc.

AN EXPERIMENT WITH LANTERN TRAPS FOR
WHITE GRUBS IN LAWN.

Although lantern traps, as a rule, are not regarded as
practical, and certainly are of not the slightest advantage in
the orchard, we suggested its use, among other things, last
spring to the superintendent of a large cemetery near Minne-
apolis, where the white grub (larva of L. rugosa, in part), had
been destroying the lawn over a large area. He was at the
same time advised of the regard, or lack of regard, in which
the lantern trap was held, and warned of possible failure. As
a matter of fact, in the case of the May beetle, for parties who
can go to the expense of a large number of such traps, and
where the injury caused by the grubs is sufficiently great to
induce one to leave no stone unturned in an effort to lessen
their havoc, the lantern trap may be of some benefit, and it_
was upon this basis that the traps were used in this instance.
The entomologist hardly cares to report on the results of the
work until the experiment has been given another season’s
trial. We might say, however, briefly, that the traps (three
doz. in number), were set out in different parts of the ceme-
tery on May &th, and were in use every night for aboutsix
weeks. The superintendent writes me under date of Decem-
ber 4th, that they caught in round numbers about 3,000
beetles, not all L. fusca, or L. rugosa, however. He states
that the injury to the grass this season was not as great’as
the previous year, which condition may have been due in part
to the presence of the traps. It is to be noted, however, that
since these larvae live for two years before turning into beetles,
marked injury to the grass, due to the ravages of large num-
bers of nearly and quite full grown grubs one season, would
naturally be followed by a period of exemption from injury
the following season, at which time there might be a compar-
atively small number of the full grown larvae, while the new

Fic. 59.—The White Grub, L. rugosa, which kills the grass in lawns and the beetle
which produces it. All much enlarged. (Author’s illustration.)

THE NEW INSECTARY. They

‘crop of larvae, quite small the first season, would not make
their presence seriously felt until the following year. Of
course, if the beetles were extremely numerous every year,
their egg-laying each season would insure a succession of full
grown injurious grubs every summer.

The chief objection to lantern traps lies in the fact that
they apparently attract very many more males than females,
and that many of the females which are captured appear to
have laid their eggs. The results, therefore, of this experi-
ment, another season will be awaited with interest.

The entomologist was privileged to examine one catch of
beetles made at the cemetery with the following results as to
species: Bolbocerus parctus, 1; B. lagarus, 81; Serica sericea,
4; Copris sp. (mutilated) 1; Lachnosterna tristis, 1; L. fusca
and: .rugosa, 75; total, 163.

Robins aid in the extermination of this pest and are fre-
quently seen in numbers pulling the grubs from under the dead
patches of grass. It has been found, too, that where a copious
supply of water is obtainable, by keeping the dying patches
thoroly wet all the time, the grass can “keep ahead’ of
the grub and be made to appear green in spite of them. Dr.
Smith of New Jersey, advises the use of a liberal amount of
ground tobacco broad-casted over the entire lawn, followed

Fic. 60.—A lantern trap.

76 THE NEW INSECTARY.

by copious watering. He claims that the grubs disappear.
Application should be made immediately upon the appear-
ance of the pest.

Some experiments tried by the entomologist in 1902,
show interesting results.

Grass drenched with kerosene emulsion (1 part emulsion
to 6 parts water); grass injured and grubs not killed;
one part emulsion to ten of water, same results; tobacco
water (1% Ib. stems steeped in 1 gal. water), no effect what-
ever; bisulphide of carbon, 1 oz. in shallow pan placed under
tight box inverted over dead patch of grass (capacity of box
3,458 cubic inches), killed all grubs in three hours without
in the slightest way injuring the green grass with which it
came in contact. This is in round numbers, 1 part of liquid
to 1,900 parts of atmosphere. Bring no light of any kind
near bisulphide of carbon. We illustrate one of the lantern
traps referred to above in Fig. 60. The tub contains a few
inches of water covered with kerosene.

THE NEW INSECTARY.

The accompanying photograph illustrates the exterior of
our new insectary, just completed, at a cost of $2,500.00, that
sum being appropriated for the purpose by the last legislature.
The plans were made, following suggestions of the entomol-
ogist, and the construction superintended by Messrs, Boss &
Bull of the Mechanical Division of the institution, to whom the
writer’s thanks are due for many courtesies, and much pain-
staking effort.

Here, we can study the life history of any insect, under the
most favorable conditions, and at almost any time of the year,
anticipating the summer season, and profiting by being thus
enabled to work before the arrival of the busy season, when
more demands are made upon the time of an entomologist for
outside work. Further, by having any special groups of
insects thus under control, and in a condition where very close
and accurate observations may be made, one has a great
advantage, for it is very difficult and some times impossible
to make these observations in detail in the field. The need
of such a building has long been felt here, and we are to be
congratulated upon finally realizing our ambitions in this direc-

THE NEW INSECTARY. el

* tion, and thus being placed upon an equal footing with other
leading experiment stations, most of which are provided with
similar accommodations. The insectary stands upon about a
quarter of an acre of good ground granted the entomologist
by the Director and Board of Regents, for an experimental
garden. This will be used in the future in the place of the old
garden previously allowed, but undesirable for many reasons.

The building, located to the south and east of the new
main building, consists of two parts, a glass portion or green-
house portion 35 feet by 18 feet; and a wooden part 32 feet

Fic. 62.—A breeding cage.

by 12 feet, which is divided into a work-room and store-room,
the latter for our spraying apparatus, insecticides, etc. Be-
neath the work-room, and reached by a flight of stairs from
the greenhouse, is a cellar 12 by 16, and about 6% feet high,
originally intended as a place for wintering our bees, but inas-
much as we have been obliged to instal therein an automatic
pump to effect the return of water from our heating plant,
its pressure may make it too warm. In this case, we shall
endeavor to construct another cellar under our store-room,
which will be free from this objection. Between the store-
room and work-room a small dark room is located, for an
insectary offers ideal conditions for photography, and in
future all of our indoor pictures of insects and insect life will
be taken under the best of auspices. The work-room is sup-
plied with bench, drawers, cupboards, cases for instruments
and books, and well lighted.

78 THE NEW INSECTARY.

The greenhouse portion is provided with benches for our
breeding cases and breeding jars, tables for photographic out-
fit, earth beds for growing food plants of insects, places to
plant trees and shrubs, an aquarium, cement walks, curtains
for shading plants from too much sunshine, and is heated and
gets its water supply from the main heating and water plants
of the institution. The glass part of the insectary, further, is
divided into a “warm room” and ‘cold room,” the former
20 by 18, the latter 15 by 18 feet, a glass partition dividing

Fic. 63.—A breeding jar.

the two. In the warm room a summer temperature, or even
tropical conditions may be obtained during the winter, if
desired, while the cold room, although it can be warmed if
needed, is intended for the small trees; shrubs or breeding
cages which we wish to keep at the outside temperature. The
sash is made of the very best of seasoned Gulf Coast cypress,
and modern ventilating and lifting machinery (top and sides)
has been installed.

The walls designed to keep out the cold, and to help main-
tain an equable temperature inside deserve special mention.
They are laid on an eight-inch concrete footing. Above this
is 12 inches of concrete foundation to the floor line, the walls
proper, 314 feet high from floor line to sash, being composed

ADDITIONAL MINNESOTA DIPTERA. 79

Fic. 64.—Apple tree in breeding cage in Insectary.

of two layers of hollow tile with a I-inch space between, and
7-8 inch of cement plaster over tile on outside and inside of
wall.

The building taken as a whole is well worth the amount
appropriated, and bids fair to be of much usefulness.

ADDITIONAL MINNESOTA DIPTERA.

The following new species of Minnesota flies have been
secured since the report for 1905 (Diptera of Minnesota) was
issued. The identification has been made in part by Mr.
Coquillet. The different families are arranged alphabetically
for convenience of reference.

AGROMYZIDAE.

Desmometopa m-nigrum, Zett.; D. latipes, Meig.;
Agromyza aeneoventris, Fall.; Ceratomyza dorsalis, Loew ;
Olfersia americana, Leach.

80 ADDITIONAL MINNESOTA DIPTERA.

ANTHOMYIDAE.

Pegomyia bicolor, Wied.; Hylemya alcathoe, Walk.;
Schoenomyza dorsalis, Loew; Coenosia, sp.; C. lata, Walk.;
C. flavifrons, Stein; Mydaea, sp. Hylephila, sp.

ASILIDAE.

Holopogon, sp.; Asilus notatus, Wied.; A. novaescotiae,

Macq.

BIBIONIDAE.
Scatopse atrata, Say.
CECIDOMYIDAE.
Diplosis, sp.
CHIRONOMIDAE.
Ceratopogon sanguisuga, Coq.; C. cilipes, Coq.
CONOPIDAE.
Sphiximorpha (Ceria) signifera, Loew.
CULICIDAE.

Culex fricku, Ludlow, n. sp., (?) Fort Snelling, Minn.,
October I, 1905.

DOLICHOPODIDAE.

Argyra albicans, Loew.; Chrysotus, sp.; C. obliquus,
Loew. ; Diaphorus, sp.; Dolichopus. acuminatus, Loew.; D.
angustatus, Ald.; D. batillifer, Loew.; D. longipennis, Loew. ;
D. luteipennis, Loew.; D. pachycnemus, Loew.; D. reflectus,

Ald.?: Gymnopternus sp.: Neurigona lateralis, say Ald.
=N.
superbiens, Loew.; N. Nothosympycnus nodatus, Loew.;
Pelastoneurus vagans, Loew.; Sympycnus lineatus, Loew.;
Synarthus palmarus, Loew.
DROSOPHILIDAE.

Drosophila amoena, Loew.; D. punctulata, Loew.; D.

(Scaptomyza) graminum, Fallen.
EMPIDAE.

Hilara femorata, Loew.; Platypalpus trivials, Loew.;

Rhamphomyia fumosa, Loew.; R. vittata, Loew.
EPHYDRIDAE.

Hydrellia hypoleuca, Loew.; Paralimna appendiculata,
Loew., Psilopa atrimanus, Loew.; P. sompta, Meig.; Scatella
stagnalis, Fall.

ADDITIONAL MINNESOTA DIPTERA. 81

GEOMYZIDAE.
Anthomyza tenuis, Loew.; Diastata vagans, Loew.

“HELOMYZIDAE.
Helomyza plumata, Loew. — H. quinquipunctata, Say.
LEPTIDAE. |

Arthropeas, sp.; Leptis scapularis, Loew.; Xylomya pal-
lipes, Loew.
LONCHOPTERIDAE.

Lonchoptera lacustris, Meig.; L. lutea, Panz.

MUSCIDAE.

Calliphora erythrocephala, Meig.; Muscina assimilis,
Fallen; Muscina dissimilis, Fallen; Myiospila meditabunda,
Fab.

MYCETOPHILIDAE.

Platyura, sp.; Zygoneura, sp.

ORTALIDAE.

Melieria ochricornis, Loew.; M. similis, Loew.; Rivellia

basilaris, Cog.; Tritoxa flexa, Wied.
OSCINIDAE,

Chlorops proxima, Say; Elachiptera costata, Loew.; E.
longula, Loew.; Hippelates flavipes, Loew.; H. plebewus,
Loew.; H. pusio, Loew.

PHORIDAE.

Aphiochaeta rufipes, Meig.

PIPUNCULIDAE.

Pipunculus houghu, Kert.; P. nigripes, Loew.; P. sub-
virescens, Loew.

PSILIDAE.

Loxocera cylindrica, Say.
. SAPROMYZIDAE.

Lonchea polita, Say; Sapromyza longipennis, Fab.; S.

lupulina, Fab.; S. philadelphica, Macq.
SCATOPHAGIDAE, ~
Cordylura adusta, Loew.; Parallelomma varipes, Walk.
SCIOMYZIDAE.
Tetanocera canadensis, Macq.; T. saratogensis, Fitch.

82 PUBLICATIONS.

SEPSIDAE.

Nemopoda minuta, Wied.; Prochyliza xanthostoma,
Walk.; Sepsis cynipsea, Linn.

. SIMULIIDAE.

Simulium meridionale, Riley.

STRATIMOYIDAE.

Euparyphus atriventris, Coq. ; Odontomyia plebeja, Loew. ;

Stratiomyia apicula, Loew.
SYRPHIDAE.

Baccha fascipennis, Wied.; Mesogramma boscu, Macq.,
Myiolepta nigra, Loew.

: TACHINIDAE,

Blepharipeza leucophrys, Wied.; Cistogaster immaculata,
Macq.; Evorista migripalpis, Towns Hemyda aurata, Desv.;
Macromeignia chrysoprocia, Wied. : Polidea areos, Walk.;
Sturmia bakeri, Coq.; Tachina rustica, Fallen.

THEREVIDAE.

Thereva candidata, Loew.

TRY PETIDAE.

Eutreta sparsa, Wied.; (Tephritis puciola, Bigot,—Ensina
. humilis, Loew., Ald) Oedaspis setigera, Coq.; Ihagoletis
suavis, Loew.

PUBLICATIONS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL DE-
PARTMENT SINCE 1805.

The following list shows what publications from this divi-
sion of the Experiment Station are available at the present
time (December 1906): Parties sending for any of these
must bear in mind that while the bulletins are franked and
require no postage, we have to stamp the reports. Requests
for reports, therefore, should be accompanied by stamps.

The Fourth Annual Report requires for unbound copies
11 cents; the Fifth Report takes 9 cents for unbound copies;
the Sixth Report takes 10 cents for unbound copies; the
Eighth Report, 9 cents for bound and 7 cents. for unbound.
copies; the Ninth Report, 7 cents for unbound copies; the
Tenth Report, 8 cents for bound copies and 6 cents for unbound
copies; the Eleventh Report 8 cents for bound copies, and
6 cents for unbound copies. Special Reports require as a rule,
2 cents each, and circulars, I cent.

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CutewWormsmnsGreenhousesm icc ne ee ee

D

December, Precautions to be Taken Against Insects..........

Diptera, Aditional Minnesota. .

Entomological Calendar.......
Entomological Publications sinc
Eulecanitum cerasifer.........+--

Greenhouse, Cut Worms in...

CC CC CC CC cy

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eeeceere eee ere eee eee eee eeeoeeseeeee

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ee er)

rousechold insects; Sone. Common. eiee- cnc n ene eee
Hydrocyanic Acid Gas, Some Recent Observations on the Use of 64

Imsectanye Wuhen New: serceearer
Insect Conditions, General....
Insects, Identification of.......

JanivanyaeVViOLK Otte tiscemaaae
Julyer Work Orne on eteee:
Nites VWViorks Ores. ss ce eanerey cesar

Kerosene Emulsion, Recipe for

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ee ee wee eee ee eee weer eee eee eee eons

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0 00 e! ene S6;'e7 0 610) 8) 0, 0) 00,10, )@) 0) 8h OC) 8100 e [ey Piet s

INDEX. 87

ig
Page
TEGCHNOSLETNG © FUSCO. oa svc os sine vic oles el ore oe ee ett oleic te eye eee ele 74
LGCHWOSECTNG TUZOSA... 6-0 cc cesar vccccecenesvescemereccencrsrers 74
Lachnosterna tristis....cccceccccccscccccccecscscecnccsceccssesecee 74
Lantern Traps, Experiments with.... ......---+-eeeeee seer eees 74
Lawn, White Grubs in.......-... 2s seen ee eeee SR teal aol sicoen aap a 74
Letters Written by Entomologist...........+.2ee esse erste eens 23
Leucania Unipunctata. .... 0. cece ccc cece cece ces ee cer eeene ol eesaraistals 59
Lime-Sulphur Wash, Recipe for. .......--.22220+ eecseessteeees 53
M
Milter plete Scale eatcsect cite opts icee tree rae ecsisiesieyanalsvanerss ic fieme, e.g or pee ccieseee cae 54
iMIsreGlins WAMGye eta o Gia Gee Chee ole acl es Seater Case on ae OCC ENO 43
Minnesota Diptera, Additional... ..............se eee ee eeceecees 79
N
November, Precautions to be Taken Against Insects: jit. 2s SI
INtar Sery eUHSPECtiO 0. res -fuienicictam ntjccedwensieme seinen ne care oe 26
INEBPESTS asia) BR Ws Mice te UBS Sion nani pci ic Ocala or sete ae cea gato 28
Nise Gyo Spraying Ol ve scosies feitienys =e stnree el sme ne eee cyte ele ee rene inne 38
O
October, Work Against Insects for.......---++eese eres terse 51
Omione Midge cots, LW wOr eccrine sie sles ca e!s ertrche © ote caerereisteimycyaa 19
Orchard: “Sprayine. Of. es... ance erqsicls peeps eee cere maces 38
Pp
Papatpema Witela ee. ve siescec se oie oni s ee ene ee pre oe et ane 61
Paris Greet’ Solution; Recipe for... 2.2... 52. eee ee pene te 52
PCr AFO MG SHUCIOL A: Docs or an eee bise's ele, His o/s 0ishe ocein o.nia Sovun unyelaspual es nae 64
lms S ott: Scale Of e's.) else ornle ereimeisjo's weve nies See iene 57
PuablicatiOiis SINCE 1S05 sie << a cisse «ape 'e he one ies © vie ess 2 rherarnniniesene tes 82
Pulvinaria innumeradilis.... 0.0.0.0. cece ce cee cece ene eee eee nenes 54
Ss
September, Work Against Insects toy Mae ae ee er BOS CLE SI
Ter ISH pao Coal eee ee ear oe See ce Oey Aton eit yeseeel ete ce oye bor irate eter egenecmnnaeaels 70
Sort Scalenofe PD luarrie se sateen neue ven Bias cust teceeiarnls Go etalorp caer ar cuareueneney eae 57
Soft Scale of Plum, Parasites Of... 2... 6... eee ee en eiee oe es 58
Soft Scale of Plum, Remedies tay a ee RE R ER CI STE OY HIG Ose Bi 58
Spraying in Nursery and Orchard.......-----+++s+s+eeeeseeees Pisect=)
Se eal ONE esac ene See eel ane opts weeps get oebl's im anasenetele auehale eyed a eneneene 61
ae
Pent’ Cater pillars: 2225 ~ dete nye ctaiale vicresintsiats sree clases sip cis nieteeresioe AI
WwW

WOR U Tet Dish OE Aree eto Son mimic tan bane A oma aeomied.cG como 74

The Entomologist of the Experiment Station is
always glad to answer inquiries relative to insect
pests. Samples of injury and insects themselves
should always be sent with the inquiry, and a
statement of the nature and extent of the depre-
dation. Postage on such matter is fc. for each
ounce. Insects should be inclosed in tight tin
or wooden boxes, sealed. It is not necessary to
leave atiy openings in the package. Write your
name and address plainly on the package, so that
it may be referred to the proper correspondence.
It is again. the law to enclose a letter in such a
package. Do not send insects in glass bottles or
vials, and do not send them loose in letters, or in
pasteboard boxes.

Telephone, Twin Gity, Park 6158.
Telegraph address, Minneapolis, and request them
to ‘phone the message to Experiment Station.
Express address, St. Anthony Park, via St. Paul.
Specimens and inquiries regarding insects should

be addressed to
THE ENTOMOLOGIST,
Experiment Station,
St. Anthony Park, Minn.

HAUL

088 01272 223